國際音標（萬國音標）
International Phonetic Alphabet
簡介
國際音標由一組字母及符號組成，每個符號都代表獨立音素。故此，國際音標可以用來描述世界各種語言的語音。
輔音
Consonants (Pulmonic)
|
|
雙脣音Bilabial |
唇齒音Labiodental |
齒音Dental |
齒齦音Alveolar |
後齒齦音Post alveolar |
捲舌音Retroflex |
硬顎音Palatal |
軟顎音Velar |
小舌音Uvular |
喉音Pharyngeal |
聲門音Glottal |
| 塞音Plosive |
清音voiceless |
p |
|
t |
ʈ |
c |
k |
q |
|
ʔ |
| 濁音voiced |
b |
|
d |
ɖ |
ɟ |
ɡ |
ɢ |
|
|
| 鼻音Nasal |
|
m |
ɱ |
n |
ɳ |
ɲ |
ŋ |
ɴ |
|
|
| 顫音Trill |
|
ʙ |
|
r |
|
|
|
ʀ |
|
|
| 閃音Tap or Flap |
|
|
|
ɾ |
ɽ |
|
|
|
|
|
| 擦音Fricative |
清音voiceless |
ɸ |
f |
θ |
s |
ʃ |
ʂ |
ç |
x |
χ |
ħ |
h |
| 濁音voiced |
β |
v |
ð |
z |
ʒ |
ʐ |
ʝ |
ɣ |
ʁ |
ʕ |
ɦ |
| 擦邊音Lateral fricative |
清音voiceless |
|
|
ɬ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 濁音voiced |
|
|
ɮ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 通音Approximant |
|
|
ʋ |
ɹ |
ɻ |
j |
ɰ |
|
|
|
| 邊音Lateral approximant |
|
|
|
l |
ɭ |
ʎ |
ʟ |
|
|
|
灰色部分被斷為不可能發音(articulation)。
輔音
Consonants (non-pulmonic)
| Clicks |
Voiced implosives |
Ejectives |
| ʘ |
Bilabial |
ɓ |
Bilabial |
ʼ |
Examples: |
| ǀ |
Dental |
ɗ |
Dental/alveolar |
pʼ |
Bilabial |
| ǃ |
(Post)alveolar |
ʄ |
Palatal |
tʼ |
Dental/alveolar |
| ǂ |
Palatoalveolar |
ɠ |
Velar |
kʼ |
Velar |
| ǀ |
Alveolar lateral |
ʛ |
Uvalar |
sʼ |
Alveolar fricative |
元音
Vowels
|
前Front |
|
央Central |
|
後Back |
|
展唇Unrounded |
圓唇Rounded |
展唇Unrounded |
圓唇Rounded |
展唇Unrounded |
圓唇Rounded |
展唇Unrounded |
圓唇Rounded |
展唇Unrounded |
圓唇Rounded |
| Close |
i |
y |
|
|
ɨ |
ʉ |
|
|
ɯ |
u |
|
|
|
ɪ |
ʏ |
|
|
|
ʊ |
|
|
| Close-mid |
e |
ø |
|
|
ɘ |
ɵ |
|
|
ɤ |
o |
|
|
|
|
|
ə |
|
|
|
|
| Open-mid |
ɛ |
œ |
|
|
ɜ |
ɞ |
|
|
ʌ |
ɔ |
|
æ |
|
|
|
ɐ |
|
|
|
|
| Open |
a |
ɶ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɑ |
ɒ |
其他符號
Other Symbols
| ʍ |
清唇軟顎擦音Voiceless labial-velar fricative |
| w |
濁唇軟顎通音Voiced labial-velar approximant |
| ɥ |
濁唇硬顎通音Voiced labial-palatal approximant |
| ʜ |
清聲門擦音Voiceless epiglottal fricative |
| ʢ |
濁聲門擦音Voiced epiglottal fricative |
| ʡ |
聲門塞音Epiglottal plosive |
| ɕ |
齒齦硬顎擦音Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
| ʑ |
齒齦邊閃音Alveolar lateral flap |
| ɧ |
同時Simultaneous ʃ and x |
| Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols
joined by a tie bar if necessary. |
k͡p t‿s |
Suprasegmentals
| ˈ |
重音Primary stress |
|
| ˌ |
次重音Secondary stress |
ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən |
| ː |
全長音Long |
eː |
| ˑ |
半長音Half-long |
eˑ |
| ̆ |
Extra-short |
ĕ |
| | |
Minor (foot) group |
|
| ‖ |
Major (intonation) group |
|
| . |
Syllable break |
ɹi.ækt |
| ‿ |
Linking (absence of a break) |
|
Tones and Word Accents
| Level |
Contour |
| e̋ |
˥ |
Extra high |
ě |
|
Rising |
| é |
˦ |
High |
ê |
|
Falling |
| ē |
˧ |
Mid |
|
|
High rising |
| è |
˨ |
Low |
|
|
Low rising |
| ȅ |
˩ |
Extra Low |
|
|
Rising-falling |
| ↓ |
|
Downstep |
↗ |
|
Global rise |
| ↑ |
|
Upstep |
↘ |
|
Global fall |
Diacritics
Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender ŋ̊.
| ̥ |
清化Voiceless |
n̥ d̥ |
| ̬ |
濁化Voiced |
s̬ t̬ |
| ʰ |
送氣Aspirated |
tʰ dʰ |
| ̹ |
唇較圓More rounded |
ɔ̹ |
| ̜ |
唇較展Less rounded |
ɔ̜ |
| ̟ |
舌較前Advanced |
u̟ |
| ̠ |
舌軟後Retracted |
e̠ |
| ̈ |
中元音Centralised |
ë |
| ̽ |
Mid-centralised |
e̽ |
| ̩ |
成音節Syllabic |
n̩ |
| ̯ |
Non-syllabic |
e̯ |
| ˞ |
Rhoticity |
ɚ a˞ |
| ̤ |
Breathy voiced |
b̤ a̤ |
| ̰ |
Creaky voiced |
b̰ a̰ |
| ̼ |
Linguolabial |
t̼ d̼ |
| ʷ |
Labialised |
tʷ dʷ |
| ʲ |
Palatalised |
tʲ dʲ |
| ˠ |
Velarised |
tˠ dˠ |
| ˤ |
Pharyngealised |
tˤ dˤ |
| ̴ |
Velarised or Pharyngealised |
ɫ |
| ̝ |
舌較高Raise |
e̝ (ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative) |
| ̞ |
舌較低Lower |
e̞ (β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant) |
| ̘ |
Advanced Tongue Root |
e̘ |
| ̙ |
Retracted Tongue Root |
e̙ |
| ̪ |
Dental |
t̪ d̪ |
| ̺ |
Apical |
t̺ d̺ |
| ̻ |
Laminal |
t̻ d̻ |
| ̃ |
鼻化Nasalised |
ẽ |
| ⁿ |
Nasal release |
dⁿ |
| ˡ |
Lateral release |
dˡ |
| ̚ |
No audible release |
d̚ |
