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Neon-komputadórComputer Users Manual, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, Democratic Republic of East Timor
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Languages EnglishPortuguese Index IntroductionChapter I: Hardware and Software Definition of a PCCase/Chassis and Power Supply Motherboard Processor BIOS Memory Floppy Disk Drive Hard Disk Drive CD Drive Video Hardware Input/Output Ports SCSI and IDE Interface Keyboards and Mice Printers and Scanners Software Concepts Programs Systems Software Applications Software Chapter II: Networks and Communications Chapter III: Operating Systems Chapter IV: Applications Chapter V: Basic Coding and Programming Chapter VI: Basic Systems Administration Appendicies: Ministry Policy |
Ministry Hompage
ProgramsA program is a list of instructions that a computer follows. A typical program consists of variables, operators that manipulate a program and statements of activity. Programs exist as either high-level languages, low-level languages or machine code. High-level languages resemble human syntax and expressions and therefore most programming is done in them. They include languages such as Pascal, C, C++ and Basic. Low-level languages such as assembler are orientated more towards the particular internal architecture of the machine. Machine code is the lowest level language of all. It is pretty well incomprehensible to humans, generated from either a compiler or interpreter. A compiler translates the source code of a program into object code. It operates by compiling the entirety of the code - otherwise it will not function at all. This differs from an interpreter, which will execute each line of code as it goes. Programs produced by compilers generally operate faster. Most programs are written in C or C++. Dynamic WebPages can be created through a language like Perl or Java. Microsoft has a version of BASIC, called Visual Basic which is used to create applications. One could argue - although it is stretching the definition of programming a great deal - that the coding that goes into creating Macro commands for applications, batch files for operating systems, Structured Query Language (SQL) statements for database or even HTML/XHTML code is a form of programming with a very high level language, although the key difference is that these are instructions to a pre-existing program rather than instructions to the architecture of the system itself.
Example Programs and Codes (xhtml, Turbo Pascal and Assembler)
The following an xhtml document that outputs 'hello world' when processed by a web browser.
<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello World XHTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1><center>Hello World!</center></h1>
</body>
</html>
The following is a 'hello world!' program written in Turbo Pascal.
program hello world;
var
world_call: string;
begin
world_call := 'Hello world!';
writeln(world_call);
end.
The following is a 'hello world!' program in Assembler/DOS for the Intel 8X086.
code segment para
assume cs:code,ds:code
org 0100h
start: mov dx,offset message ;point to message
mov ah,09h ;MS-DOS function # to print string
int 21h ;call DOS
mov ax,4c00h ;exit
int 21h
message db 'Hello World!',13,10,'$'
end start
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, GPA Building #1, Ground Floor, Dili, East Timor
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