JTW's Evolutionary Origins - References
| HOME | Chemistry | Evolutionary Origins | Politics and History | Mental Tools |

R

______________________

Sources and References
______________________

A |B |C |D |E |F |G |H |I
J |K |L |M |N |O |P |Q
R |S |T |U |V |W |X |Y |Z
[Previous] [Continue]
[Links]

______________________

Atomic Bomb over Nagasaki, Japan on August 9, 1945 - approx. 35,000 people killed immediately or died shortly thereafter. Hopefully this will be the last time that a nuclear weapon is ever used. Mushroom Cloud over Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945 - approx. 60,000 people killed immediately or died shortly thereafter. This was the first use of a nuclear weapon.

The city [Hiroshima] turned into a burnt plain August 7, 1945 / Looking southeast from Fukuya Department Store Ebisu-cho (800m from the hypocenter) Victims in pain August, 1945 / First Elementary School Dambara-yamasaki-cho (2,600m from the hypocenter) Most of the injured were suffering from terrible burns and lacerations. Reserves of medical supplies and hygiene agents were quickly exhausted, and first aid degenerated to applying Mercurochrome or cooking oil.


Trinity atomic bomb test, Alamagordo, N.M., July 16, 1945. This was the first detonation of a nuclear device. Policemen giving first aid to the injured August 6, 1945 / Miyuki Bridge (2,270m from the hypocenter) Those exposed to the bomb outside near the center of the city toward the hypocenter were struck by heat rays hot enough to burn off their clothes. Their skin was so burned that it peeled and dangled in shreds. Those able to escape the fires tended to gather at the ends of bridges or down by the rivers. Doctors and policemen, many ignoring serious injuries of their own, hurried to offer first aid to others.

From: The First Special Exhibition of Fiscal Year 2002 July 18 (Thu.) - December 1 (Sun.) 1st Basement, East Building of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum
Also: http://www.wwiiphotos.com/page1.htm
and, www.amphilsoc.org/library/ mole/u/ulam.htm

_______________________________________

3:53 p.m., December 2, 1942

The pile as it waited in the cold of Chicago winter to be released to the breeding of neutrons and plutonium contained 711,000 pounds of graphite, 80,590 pounds of uranium oxide and 12,400 pounds of uranium metal. It cost $1 million to produce and build. Its only visible moving parts were its various control rods. If [Enrico] Fermi had planned it for power production he would have shielded it behind concrete or steel and pumped away the heat of fission with helium or water or bismuth to drive turbines to generate electricity. But CP-1 was simply and entirely a physics experiment designed to prove the chain reaction, unshielded and uncooled, and Fermi intended, assuming he could control it, to run it no hotter than half a watt, harldy enough to light a flashlight bulb. He had controlled it day by day for the seventeen days of its building as its k approached 1.0, matching its responses with his estimates, and he was confident he could control it when its chain reaction finally diverged. What would he do if he was wrong? one of his young collegues asked him. He thought of the damping effect of delayed neurons.

"I will walk away -- leisurely," he answered...

[Herbert Anderson]
"At first you could hear the sound of the neutron counter, clickety-clack, clickety-clack. Then the clicks came more and more rapidly, and after a while they began to merge into a roar; the counter couldn't follow anymore. That was the moment to switch to the chart recorder. But when the switch was made, everyone watched in sudden silence the mounting deflection of the recorder's pen. It was an awesome silence. Everyone realized the significance of that switch; we were in the high intensity regime and the counters were unable to cope with the situation anymore. Again and again, the scale of the recorder had to be changed to accommodate the neutron intensity which was increasing more and more rapidly. Suddenly Fermi raised his hand. 'The pile has gone critical,' he announced. No one present had any doubt about it."...

[Eugene Wigner]
"Nothing very spectacular had happened. Nothing had moved and the pile itself had given no sound. Nevertheless, when the rods were pushed back in and the clicking had died down, we suddenly experienced a let-down feeling, for all of us understood the language of the counter. Even though we had anticipated the success of the experiment, its accomplishment had a deep impact on us. For some time we had known that we were about to unlock a giant; still, we could not escape an eerie feeling when we knew we had actually done it. We felt as, I presume, everyone feels who has done something that he knows will have very far-reaching consequences which he cannot foresee."...

[Arthur Compton]
"'Jim [James B. Conant],' I said, 'you'll be interested to know that the Italian navigator has just landed in the new world.' Then, half apologetically, because I had led the S-1 Committee to believe that it would be another week or more before the pile could be completed, I added, 'the earth was not as large as he had estimated, and he arrived at the new world sooner than he had expected.'
'Is that so,' was Conant's excited response. 'Were the natives friendly?'
'Everyone landed safe and happy.'"

Except Leo Szilard. Szilard, who was responsible with Fermi for the accomplishment that chill December afternoon of what he had first imagined alone on a gray September morning in another country and age ago -- the old world undone by the new -- loitered on the balcony, a small round man in an overcoat. He had dreamed that atomic energy might substitute exploration for war, carrying men far away from the narrow earth into the cosmos. He knew now that long before it propelled any such exodus it would increase war's devastation and mire man deeper in fear. He blinked behind his glasses. It was the end of the beginning. It might as well be the beginning of the end. 'There was a crowd and then Fermi and I [Szilard] stayed there alone. I shook hands with Fermi and I said I thought this day would go down as a black day in the history of mankind."

In: The Making of the Atomic Bomb by Richard Rhodes
_______________________________________

  1. Raff, Lionel M.
  2. Raff, Rudolf A.
  3. Raff, Rudolf A.; Love, Alan C.
  4. Ram, Monika; Babbar, Shashi B.
  5. Ramachandran, G.N.; Ramakrishnan, C.; Saisekharan, V.
  7. Ramachandran, V.S.; Blakeslee, Sandra
  8. Raup, David M.
  10. Redies, Christoph; Puelles, Luis
  11. Reed, Alan E.; Curtiss, Larry A.; Weinhold, Frank
  12. Reed, Alan E.; Weinhold, Frank
  14. Reed, Alan E.; Weinstock, Robert B.; Weinhold, Frank
  15. Rees, Douglas C.; Howard, James B.
  16. Regehr, Wade G.; Stevens, Charles F.
    • Physiology of Synaptic Transmission and Short-term Plasticity
    • in: Synapses
      • edited by W. Maxwell Cowan, Thomas C. Sudhof, Charles F. Stevens
      • pp. 135-175
    • The John Hopkins University Press
    • QP 364.S945 2000

  17. The group responsible for the first self-sustaining nuclear reaction on Dec. 2, 1942, on steps of the building housing Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) Reinhart, Tanya
  18. Rhinn, Muriel; Brand Michael
  19. Rhodes, Richard
  20. Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) Ribas de Pouplana, Lluís; Schimmel, Paul
  22. Rieseberg, Loren H.; Livingstone Kevin
  23. UNSCOM Weapons Inspector - Scott Ritter Ritter, Scott
  30. Rizzuto, D.S.; Madsen, J.R.; Bromfield, E.B.; Schulze-Bonhage, A.; Seelig, D.; Aschenbrenner-Scheibe, R.; Kahana, M.J.
  31. Robert, Jason Scott; Hall, Brian K.; Olson, Wendy M.
  32. Jane Roberts Roberts, Jane; Butts, Robert F.
  35. Rudolf Rocker Rocker, Rudolf
    • Anarcho-syndicalism: Theory & Practice; An Introduction to a Subject Which the Spanish War has Brought into Overwhelming Prominence
    • Gordon Press
    • HX 833.R6 1972
  38. Rogers, George W.; Edelman, Gerald M.; Mauro, Vincent P.
  39. Roman, Beth L.; Weinstein, Brant M.
  40. Alfred Sherwood Romer Romer, Alfred Sherwood
    • Man and The Vertebrates: Vol. I & II
    • Penguin
    • QL 605.R62 1968
    • The Vertebrate as a Dual Organism: The Somato-Visceral Animal
    • Evolutionary Biology: Vol. 6, pp. 121-156
    • 1972

  44. _______________________________________

    The Vertebrate as a Dual Organism: The Somato-Visceral Animal

    "In many regards the vertebrate organism, whether fish or mammal, is a well-knit unit structure. But in other respects there seems to be a somewhat imperfect welding, functionally and structurally, of two somewhat distinct beings:

    (1) an external, "somatic", animal, including most of the flesh and bone of our body, with a well organized nervous system and sense organs, in charge, so to speak, of external affairs, and

    (2) an internal, "visceral" , animal, basically consisting of the digestive tract and it's appendages, which, to a considerable degree, conducts it's own affairs, and over which the somatic animal exerts but incomplete control."

    Alfred Sherwood Romer
    _______________________________________

  45. Roth, Gerhard
    • The Evolution of Consciousness
    • in: Brain Evolution and Cognition
      • Edited by Gerhard Roth, Mario F. Wullimann
      • pp. 556-582
    • Wiley-Spektrum
    • QP 360.5.B734 2001

  46. Rubinstein, Robert A.; Laughlin Jr., Charles D.
  47. Rucker, Rudy v.B.
  48. Rudy v.B. Rucker

______________________

Sources and References
______________________

A |B |C |D |E |F |G |H |I
J |K |L |M |N |O |P |Q
R |S |T |U |V |W |X |Y |Z
[Previous] [Continue]
[Links]

______________________


| HOME | Chemistry | Evolutionary Origins | Politics and History | Mental Tools |
Hosted by www.Geocities.ws

1