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In 1980, researchers Kollar and Fisher were able to activate a dormat vestigial genetic routine for tooth development that resides within the chicken genome. This routine was long ago deactivated in the evolutionary transition from dinosaurs to birds. Cell populations within the pharyngeal arches of the developing chick, which have not formed teeth for close to 100 million years, still retain the genetic potential to do so in response to the appropriate inducer.


Hen's Tooth - Vestigial Dinosaur Tooth Dormant in Chick Genome

"Archeopterix looks like a feathered reptile. It has feathers (characteristic of birds) and teeth (which birds lack but which are characteristic of reptiles). However, during the course of avian evolution, birds have lot their teeth as they developed their beaks.

However, the notion that inductive signals can cross species barriers led Kollar and Fisher (1980) to attempt to "bring back" hen's teeth. They isolated jaw-forming epithelium (the precursors of the first and second pharyngeal arches) from the 5-day-old chick embryos. This tissue was combined with molar mesenchyme of 16- to 18-day-old mouse embryos. These tissues were allowed to adhere to each other and were then cultured within the anterior chamber of a mouse eye. Several recombinations resulted in the formation of complete teeth that were unlike those of mammals (Figure). The cells of the chick pharyngeal arches, which have not made teeth for nearly 100 million years, still retain the genetic potential to do so in response to an appropriate inducer."

Source: http://zygote.swarthmore.edu/prox1.html


  1. Human Pax-6 Paired Domain-DNA Complex Cairns-Smith, A.G.
  2. Callaerts, Patrick; Halder, Georg; Gehring, Walter J.
  3. Calvin, William H.
  4. Calvin, William H.; Bickerton, Derek
  5. William Calvin & Derek Bickerton Calvin, William H.; Ojemann, George A.
  7. Caley, Dave
  8. Cameron, Chris B.; Garey, James R.; Swalla, Billie J.
  9. Cannon, William R.; Benkovic, Stephen J.
  10. Capra, Frijof
  12. Capra, Fritjof; Steindl-Rast, David; Matus, Thomas
  13. Caron, Emmanuelle; Hall, Alan
  14. Robert Lynn Carroll - Vertebrate Palenotologiist Carroll, Robert Lynn
  15. Cassidy, Michael; Brown, Peter
  16. Castro, Elizabeth
  17. Champagnat, Jean; Fortin, Gilles
  18. Jean-Pierre Changeux Changeux, Jean-Pierre - *
  19. Changeux, Jean-Pierre; Connes, Alaine
  20. Chen, Jun-Yuan; Oliveri, Paola; Li, Chia-Wei; Zhou, Gui-Qing; Gao, Feng; Hagadorn, James W.; Peterson, Kevin J.; Davidson, Eric H.
  21. Chen, Yanqing; Seth, Anil K.; Gally, Joseph A.; Edelman, Gerald M.
  22. Chia, Fu-Shiang
    • Perspectives: Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae
    • in: Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae
      • pp. 283-285
    • Elsevier
    • QL 363.5.S95 1977

  23. _______________________________________

    Noam Chomsky
    Institute Professor; Professor of Linguistics Linguistic Theory, Syntax, Semantics, Philosophy of Language at - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    MIT
    _______________________________________

    Noam Chomsky

    Chomsky, Noam
    • Reflections on Language
    • Pantheon Books
    • P 106.C54 1975

  30. _______________________________________

    "There are no magic answers, no miraculous methods to overcome the problems we face, just the familiar ones:

    honest search[ing] for understanding, education, organization,

    action that raises the cost of state violence for its perpetrators or that lays the basis for institutional change --

    and the kind of commitment that will persist despite the temptations of disillusionment, despite many failures and only limited successes,

    inspired by the hope of a brighter future."

    Noam Chomsky
    _______________________________________

    • Terrorizing the Neighborhood: American Foreign policy in the Post-Cold War Era
    • AK Press
    • E 881.C59 1991

  35. _______________________________________

    "There is no reason to accept the doctrines crafted to sustain power and privilege, or to believe that we are constrained by mysterious and unknown social laws.

    These are simply decisions made within institutions that are subject to human will and that must face the test of legitimacy.

    And if they do not meet the test, they can be replaced by other institutions that are more free and more just, as has happened often in the past..."

    Noam Chomsky
    _______________________________________

  39. _______________________________________

    If we hope to understand anything about the foreign policy of any state, it is a good idea to begin by investigating the domestic social structure:

    Who sets foriegn policy?

    What interests do these people represent?

    What is the domestic source of their power?

    It is a reasonable surmise that the policy that evolves will reflect the special interests of those who design it.

    An honest study of history will reveal that this natural expectation is quite generally fulfilled.

    The evidence is overwhelming, in my opinion, that the United States is no exception to the general rule - a thesis which is often characterized as a 'radical critique,' in a curious intellectual move...

    Some attention to the historical record, as well as common sense, leads to a second reasonable expectation:

    In every society, there will emerge a caste of propagandists who labor to disguise the obvious, to conceal the actual workings of power, and to spin a web of mythical goals and purposes, utterly benign, that allegedly guide national policy.

    Noam Chomsky
    _______________________________________

    • 9-11
    • Seven Stories Press
    • HV 6432.7.C48 2002
    • Deep Concerns
    • http://www.canadianactivist.com/noam2.htm
    • March 2003
  60. Chomsky, Noam; Ramachandran, V.K.
  61. Cloney, Richard A.
    • Ascidian Metamorphosis: Review and Analysis
    • in: Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae
      • pp. 255-282
    • Elsevier
    • QL 363.5.S95 1977

  62. Possible Fossilized Cambrian Metazoan EmbryoChongyu, Yin
    • Fossilized Metazoan Embryos: The Historical Testimony of the Cambrian Explosion
    • Chinese Science Bulletin: Vol. 44, Is. 9, pp 770-771
    • May 1999

  63. Churchill, Frederick B.
  64. Churchland, Patricia S.; Sejnowski, Terrence J.
  65. Claverie, Jean-Michel; Notredame, Cedric
  66. Cleland, W. Wallace; Frey, Perry A.; Gerlt, John A.

  67. _______________________________________

    "[T]he selective theories that had the strongest explicative power and that have found definitive experimental validations, are the physiological models of acquired immunity.

    The Darwinian view of the immune system also includes a populational and dynamic idea of somatic selection,
    and represent[s] the more advanced conceptualization of a physiological selective system.

    From the [principles of] immunological selectionism emerged [Gerald] Edelman�s Neural Darwinism and several hypotheses concerning the "selective" value of the somatic signals in intercellular communication during differentiation."

    Gilberto Corbellini
    _______________________________________

    Corbellini, Gilberto
  68. Cody, George D.; Boctor, Nabil Z.; Filley, Timothy R.; Hazen, Robert M.; Scott, James H.; Sharma, Anurag; Yoder Jr., Hatten S.
  69. Cohen-Cory, Susana
  70. Cook, Peter R.
  71. Cooke, Jonathan
  72. Cooper, Edwin L.; Kauschke, Ellen; Cossarizza, Andrea
  73. Cooper, Jack R.; Bloom, Floyd E.; Roth, Robert H.
  74. Michael C. Corballis Corballis, Michael C.
  75. Cotterill, Rodney M.J. [1,2,3]
  76. Rodney J. Cotterill & Anonymous Tattoed Head
  80. W. Maxwell Cowan (1931-2002) Cowan, W. Maxwell; Kandel, Eric R.
    • A Brief History of Synapses and Synaptic Transmission
    • in: Synapses
      • edited by W. Maxwell Cowan, Thomas C. Sudhof, Charles F. Stevens
      • pp. 1-87
    • The John Hopkins University Press
    • QP 364.S945 2000

  81. Crabtree, Robert H.
  82. Francis Crick & Christof Koch Crick, Francis; Koch, Christof
    • The problem of consciousness
    • Scientific American: Vol. 267, No. 3, pp. 152-159
    • September 1992
    • [Pubmed]
    • Also Published in:
      • Mind and Brain: Readings from Scientific American Magazine
      • W.H. Freeman
    • QP 360.5.M55 1993
  84. Currie, Pete

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Gunter Wactershauser's Iron-Sulfur Surface Metabolist


Reactions in the iron-sulfur world. The dotted arrow represents ligand feedback.

The reaction scheme in the figure is in substantial agreement with extant metabolism in terms of overall metabolic patterns, reaction pathways, and catalysts. The newly demonstrated formation of pyruvic acid by double carbonylation, however, has no analog in extant metabolism. It may have disappeared because of metabolic takeover, first by a reverse pyruvate-formate-lyase reaction and later, after the advent of thiamine pyrophosphate, by carboxylation with pyruvate oxidoreductase.
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Deep sea hydrothermal vent spewing a chemical-rich broth.
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