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9.
DELIVERY
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What is delivery? The way a speaker presents a speech through
voice qualities, bodily actions, and language.
- 4 Principles of Nonverbal Communication:
- Part of our nonverbal communication is conscious & deliberate,
while another part is unconscious & unintentional.
- Few if any nonverbal signals have universal meaning.
- When a speaker's verbal & nonverbal channels send conflicting
messages, we tend to trust the nonverbal message.
-Message intended may be overridden by other messages people attach
to your nonverbal communication.
Qualities of Effective Delivery
-Effective delivery helps everyone.
-The best delivery looks & feels natural, comfortable &
spontaneous.
-Delivery is best when the audience is not aware of it.
-Any prescription for effective delivery includes 3 basic elements:
voice, body, & language.
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Elements of Vocal Delivery
- 1 Rate & Pause
- Speaking rate communicate something (intentionally/unintentionally)
about your motives, disposition, involvement with the topic.
- Goal: use a variety of rates.
- Pauses allow audience time to reflect upon something just said,
marks important transitions in your speech.
1 Rate & Pause
- If in my low moments in word deed or attitude through some error
of temper taste or tone I have caused anyone discomfort created
pain or revived someone's fears that was not my truest self.
- Impact of statement is stronger with pauses.
- Use it intentionally & selectively.
2 Volume
- How loudly & softly you speak.
- Audience must be able to hear you before they can listen to
your ideas.
- Adapt volume to physical surroundings.
- To increase volume - breath from the diaphragm & feel abdominal
muscle tightening. Don't strain your voice by increasing volume
from the throat.
-Try this: Those old boats don't float.
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3
Pitch & Inflection
- Pitch (vocal) - the highness/lowness of vocal tones, similar
to the notes on a musical staff.
- Every speaker has an optimal pitch range or key. Those who don't
use their normal pitch usually sound artificial.
- Monotonous voice consists of 3 tones: middle, slightly higher,
slightly lower.
3 Pitch & Inflection
- Inflection - essential tool for conveying meaning accurately.
- E.g. She is my friend.
- Women generally make wider use of pitch ranges than men without
sounding affected/unnatural.
4 Voice Quality
- Also called timbre, is the least flexible of the vocal elements
discussed.
- It is the characteristics that distinguishes your voice from
other voices.
5 Articulation & Pronunciation
- Articulation: the mechanical process of forming sounds necessary
to communicate in a particular language.
- Most errors are made from habit: deletion, addition, substitution,
& transposition.
5 Articulation & Pronunciation
- Pronunciation: how the letters of a word sound & where the
stress falls when the word is spoken.
- Speaking vocab: group of words used in daily conversation. Much
smaller than reading vocab.
- Pronunciation errors primarily occur when we try to move a word
from reading to speaking vocab.
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Elements
of Physical Delivery
- 1 Appearance
- physical features including dressing & grooming. An important
nonverbal signal that helps people judge us.
- Dress for Address: consider the occasion, audience, topic &
your image.
- Clothing influences both our perceptions of other and our self-perception.
Elements of Physical Delivery
- 2 Posture
- should look comfortable, confident, and prepared to speak
-avoid rigidity and sloppiness.
- 3 Facial Expression
- should match what you're saying
- concentrate as much as possible on ideas you present &
the way your audience receives & responds to them
- try not to be overly conscious of how you look & sound
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Elements
of Physical Delivery
- 4 Eye Contact
- gaze behaviour in which a speaker looks at listeners' eyes
- a gauge to one's truthfulness, confidence, concern, sincerity,
interest, & enthusiasm.
- lack of it may signal deceit, disinterest, insecurity.
- Goal: make eye contact with as much of the audience as much
of the time as possible.
Elements of Physical Delivery
- 5 Movement
- Effective movement benefits speaker, audience, and the speech.
- It adds visual variety to the speech. Appropriate movement can
arouse/rekindle listeners' interest.
- It underscores key ideas, mark major transitions, intensify
an appeal for belief/action.
-Ensure that it's selective & that it serves a purpose. Avoid
random pacing.
Elements of Physical Delivery
- 6 Gestures
- Movements of hands & arms. Important adjuncts to our verbal
message; at times can replace words altogether.
-Must be coordinated with words, appear natural & spontaneous.
Large enough for audience to see it clearly.
- Too little : timid, unsure, nervous
- Too much: nervous, flighty, excitable
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- We need
to communicate our message to the university administration. It's
time to get serious about adequate funding of our library. Give
us the resources we deserve!
Methods of Delivery
- 1 Speaking Impromptu
- 2 Speaking from Memory
- 3 Speaking from Manuscript
-4 Speaking Extemporaneously
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