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7.THE
PRESENTATIONAL SPEAKING CONTEXT
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general principles of preparing & delivering a public presentation
n Def.: a sustained monologue delivered to an audience of any
size. Any time a person speaks for a sustained length of time
to an audience of any size, he/she is giving a public speech.
n 6 general checkpoints:
- analyse the situation
- develop ideas for speech
- construct an outline of remarks
- pay attention to specific language used
- deliver speech by effective use of voice & body
- control the detracting effects of stage fright
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1)
Analyse The Situation
n The context is sometimes called the rhetorical situation consisting
of the exigence, the audience & constraints.
n Analyse the purpose/goal of speech, audience's nature, &
setting for the address (critical elements that shape what you
say & how you say it):
- goal of speech / the specific purpose conforms to 3 standards:
it must be clear, practical, & adapted to the audience
- audience analysis: effective rhetoric served to adjust ideas
to people & people to ideas
- assessing the setting: physical setting, speaker's relative
position with audience, availability of electrical outlet for
AV equipment, etc.
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2)
Developing Ideas
n Develop ideas on areas that will be of most importance to audience.
n 2 stages
involved:
- armchair research
- outside research
3) Outlining Ideas
n An outline = a brief list of points to be covered in the speech.
n It could be a key-word outline or a full-sentence outline.
n A good outline is simple, discrete, subordinated and, easy
to follow.
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4) Language
Choices
n A speaker's style depends primarily on choosing effective
words, thus having an extensive vocabulary.
n An effective oral style demonstrates these characteristics:
- accuracy
- directness
- adapted to the audience
- vividness
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5) Presenting the Speech
n A matter of managing your voice & body so that your message
is clearly communicated to the audience.
n The best delivery is one that does not call attention to itself.
n 4 general types of speech delivery:
- manuscript
- memory
- impromptu
- extemporaneous
6) Handling Fear
n Techniques to reduce the impact of anxiety:
- recognise that nervousness is natural
- recognise that stage fright is similar to the tension felt in
any other circumstance.
- realise that audiences are not hostile.
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Hints On Planning
Your Speech
n Introduction arouse an interest in the subject; clearly state
your purpose & aims; how it relates to the audience present.
Your purpose determines the content, style & possible amount
of audience participation.
n Body where
the main ideas & arguments are developed & presented logically.
Hold audiences' attention here by relating them to their needs
& being visual and clear in speech & characteristics.
Hints On Planning Your Speech
n Close audience attention is highest here. Make it clear that
you're about to finish & express your conclusion/summary succinctly.
n Q &
A session an opportunity for immediate feedback; to clarify any
misunderstandings audience may have. Encourage this at the end
as questions asked during presentation can disrupt flow. How to
encourage participation? ...by asking a question, asking a question
and providing an answer, or making a provocative statement.
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