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CHAPTER 9: EMERGENCE OF THE PHILIPPINE NATION
Section 1: Early Signs of Nationalism I. 19th Century Philippines A. Background 1. Karl Man’s Das Capital radicalism 2. Civil War in the United States 3. Bismark’s unification in Prussia B. Governance 1. Rapid turnover of government positions a. 39 governors in 19th century b. Longest period of administration was 13 years by Rafael de Aguilar c. Shortest period was 50 days by Gabriel Tones d. Avenge term lasted 2 ‘A years C. Language 1. Spanish as medium of instruction 2. Education degree in 1863 — secularize education, put education in the hands of the state 3. Francisco Gainza — conservative views 4. Fr. Jose Cuevas — opposed Gainza, supported Spanish language as the official medium D. Rate of Literacy 1. Only 1.6% of population had higher education 2. Less than 21% can read and write 3. Even fewer can read but not write II. 1821: The Manifesto A. Unsigned article in a Manila newspaper (Indio Agraviado) 1. Early sign of political unrest 2. Commented on language, inequality, economic dilemmas 3. Had nationalistic tones 4. It was too early to create a reaction III. 1823: Novales Mutiny A. Reasons 1. Governor Martinet brought along peninsular military officers to the Philippines to assume military positions 2. Robbed the criollos of positions in the military B. Induced by the first coup led by Varela, Ortega and Andres Novales C. Novales won over a few officers to his side and killed the commander of Fort Santiago D. In June 23, 1832, Novales led 800 troops in lit attempt military coup E. Painpanga troops suppressed the troops IV. Apolinario dela Cruz (Hermano Pule) A. Volunteer at San Juan de DMs Hospital B. Organized the confraternity of St Joseph in 1840’s for natives 1. Born in Tayabas 2. Spread over in Luzon and the Visayas C. 1841 1. Applied for a license in order to be legalized 2. Refused because of native-born membership 3. Continued holding meetings — leaders were arrested D. 1843 1. Members of Tayabas regimen were up in arms against Cagayan regimen 2. Tayabas called on their fellow countrymen to fight for independence 3. First time the word independence was raised E. Division between criollos and peninsulares 1. Self-imposed exile of criollos and mestizos to Spain 2. Cleavage between criollos and peninsulares 3. Critical of colonial conditions |
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