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CHAPTER 7: MODERNIZATION
Section 1: Modernization I. Return of the Jesuits in 1859 A. Expulsion and Restoration B. Renewal of interest in the south C. Escuela Pia: first founded by government in 1750’s; renamed Escuela Municipal and later on Ateneo Municipal D. Normal School: training school for teachers (taught in primary level) 1. Graduates become employees of firms and teachers 2. “Cream of the crop” of the society 3. Looked up to for their intelligence (opinion makers) II. The glorious revolution in Spain A. Overthrow of Ferdinand VII and Isabella B. Bourbon Monarchy: reforms in the 19th century III. Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 A. Distance to Spain and Europe was halved B. Liberals flocked into the Philippines C. Events in Spain: immediate repercussions to the colony IV. Modern Liberal Reforms A. Reforms 1. Council of Indies: 1863 2. Systematized custom duties: 1868 3. Creation of guardia civil: 1867- 69 4. Cedula personal: 1844 5. Polo reduced from 45 to 15 days B. Consequences 1. Numerous reforms generated confusion 2. Implementation was problematic — finance training; friar-implementation 3. Reforms were not really institutionalized V. Conclusion A. Situation was tight and in dire need of reform B. Recommendation of thoughtful officials
Section 2: The Problem of Native Priests I. Spain’s experience with South America A. Spain never trusted the native priests in South America B. Native priest led the Mexican Revolution — Pray Hidalgo C. No native ordination 1. Council of Mexico (1555) a. First council declared that no indio, mulafto, or mestizo could be ordained to priesthood b. Third council repeated ban after 30 years: 1585 2. Council of Lima voted to impose the same prohibition (1591) 3. Triggered by Dominican complaint a. Native Americans were incapable of satisfying the demands of priesthood b. Natives were new to the faith and their sermons were likely to contain doctrinal error 4. 3rd rule of the Seminary of San Felipe: seminarians should be of pure race — 4 degree 5. Inchoate social situation in Filipinas a. Unlike in Japan (1626), China (1659), India (1548) b. Christian leadership embodied by priesthood is mainly service of the people — indios not ready for it c. In pre-Hispanic times, leadership was for the datu’s benefits d. In the 19th century, political expediency blocked the growth of the native clergy II. Antipolo vacancy in 1862 A. Antipolo Parish 1. In the hands of a Philippine-born secular 2. A very lucrative source of income B. Vicar Capitular Pedro Pelaez 1. Appointed secular priest, Francisca Champmas, to the vacancy 2. Gov. General pre-empted it 3. Filipino clergy offended 4. Racial factor III. Incapacity of the native clergy A. More inclined to marriage and less chaste B. Training an4 testing for native aspirants were given by friars C. Race was always an issue D. 1877: Report by governor of Leyte (unflattering report on Filipino priest) 1. Eastern half — Franciscan 2. Western half — native priest
Section 3: Pedro Pelaez I. Episcopal Visitation A. Friar’s refusal and vigorous attempt to no avail B. Bishop Justa 1. Regalist perspective 2. Supported by Governor Anda a. They imposed Episcopal visitation on the Augustinians in Pampanga and Dominicans in Bataan b. Friars resigned from their parishes c. Justa appointed secular priests 3. Implications of Justa’s decision II. De Facto Secularization A. 1780-1826 1. Expulsion of the Jesuits 2. Increase in Filipinos ordained as priests 3. Fewer Spanish priests arrived B. 1826— parishes in Tondo, Bulacan. Pampanga, and Bataan in the hands of seculars were confiscated III. Pedro Pelaez A. Cavite Parishes in 1849 1. Confiscated and given to regulars —7 towns 2. Opening Salvo — government wanted to muzzle Filipino clergy B. Memorandum by Fr. Pelaez — ensued bitter polemics between seculars and regulars 1. Native incapacity 2. Dubious loyalty 3. Greater need for friars C. Death of Fr. Pelaez in 1863 D. Fr. Burgos — new leader
Section 4: Jose A. Burgos I. The Manifesto— 1864 A. Document that was circulated, unsigned B. Refuted point by point the argument of the friars 1. That Filipino priests were inferior and disloyal to Spain 2. That Filipino priests could not fulfill superior tasks was the friars’ scheme to perpetuate themselves in the parishes 3. That the Filipino priests were disloyal to Spain was another friar play to secure government 4. To vindicate Pelaez’s memory a. Government overlooked his talents or failed to recognize him b. He had fought for the inalienable rights of the Filipino clergy C. Injected elements of race D. Events in Madrid — liberals and conservatives II. The Strike of Sto. Tomas A. Comite de Reformas 1. Composed mainly of prominent individuals, intellectuals, and professionals 2. Friendly terms with the secular priests B. Juventud Escolar Filipino 1. Consisted of students of UST 2. Issue: to speak Spanish rather than Latin 3. Friendly terms with the secular priests 4. Buencamino a. Became instant hero to the students upon reciting in Spanish b. Suspected leader and was imprisoned c. Released after 4 months and 1 week through Fr. Burgos d. Chose Fr. Burgos as his tutor C. Racial element and nationalism in the controversy III. Carlos Ma. de la Torre and Rafael Izquierdo A. Correctly warned the Madrid government about the irreconcilable Filipino clergy B. Correctly saw that part of the problem lay, in unjustly despoiling them of their parishes C. Stressed the ineptitude of the native clergy and the need to support the friars in the Philippines D. Indicated that one friar in the Philippines was equivalent to a battalion |
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