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CHAPTER 4: HISPANIZANIZATION
Section 1: Gradual
Transformation of the Indigenous
Society
I. Factors which might have
influenced the Transformation
A. Spanish
Population
1. 1583: Manila has 80 casa or household
2. Only 713 Spaniards in the colony
·
Some were sent to Moluccas leaving 646 in the Philippines
3. Late 16 century: Few Spanish Settlements near indigenous
communities merged into one city (Cebu, Manila, Vigan)
B. Encomienda
System
1. Framework of Legazpi’s colonization
II. Encomienda System
A. Meaning and
Nature
1. Villages were entrusted as rewards for the discharge of
the royal conscience
a. Encomienda — land held in trust
b. Encomiendero — land trustee
B. Laws and
Regulations
1. Location for Settlements
2. Town Officials: the Alcalde and the Regidor
3. Encomiendero and foreigners shouldn’t live among the
natives
4. New Agricultural tool: Plow (“araro” or “arado”)
5. Encomiendero’s Duties
a. Collect Tribute
i. must assist at mass for enlightenment and guidance
ii. assess tribute fairly
iii. survey area
iv. evaluate how much each payer can afford
b. Demand obligatory public service (polo)
C. Tribute
Collection
1. Padron — census list: gives a good glimpse of the colonial
society
a. Principalia
b. Married tribute payer
c. Widows and unmarried males
d. Exemptees
i. below eighteen and above sixty years of age
ii. the sick
iii. those who were working in the Church as Sacristans
2. Care and Concern for the tributes
D. Forced
Labor
1. Healthy men are forced to do public works for forty days
each year
2. Abuse by the officials
3. Revolt due to exploitations
a. Polistas were supposed to be paid “in their hands” a daily
wage
b. They should not be taken to distant work sites
c. Food supplies were requisitioned for the workers
d. Government coffers were chronically empty
e. Towns remained unpaid
Section 2: The Indios
I. Upper Class
A. Former
Datus and their relatives
B. Chinese capitalists and traders
C. Pampanga Native elite
1. land owners
2. competed with Chinese mestizos
3. assumed political leadership
II. Lower Class
A. Low level of education
1. due to economic underdevelopment
B. Most underdeveloped sectors
1. Mindanao
2. Mountain Province
C. Lifestyle
1. People lived in pre-ul ban subsistence economy of kaingin
and barter exchange
2. Only tool was bob
3. Jesuits brought carabao to Agusan in 1884
4. People farmed lands by back-breaking methods
5. Had no permanent dwelling places
6. Lived nomadic lives
D. Bagani Code
1. divided into ranks
2. missionaries saw no reason for the practice
3. for the indios, it meant paying death with death
Section 3: Pronounced
Economic Growth
I. Contact between Philippines
and Mexico ended
A. galleon
trade ceased altogether (1825)
II. Opening of Manila to
foreign commerce
A. America
1. American boat Astrea, from Salem, Massachusetts
2. flats, wines, and compasses were brought
3. took back sugar, indigo, pepper, and tanned hide
4. 1st American consul, Andrew Sharp
5. three American firms carried cargo of sugar hemp
B. Britain
1. growth of sugar, tobacco, indigo, and hemp exports
2. John William Fargen, a British consul
C. Porn were
open to foreign ships (1855)
1. Sual
2. Iloilo
3. Pampanga
III. Economic Growth in the
Philippines
A. Iloilo
1. center of hand woven textile industry
2. rice production
3. conducive because of preexisting industries for growth
B. Nicholas
Loney
1. arrived in Iloilo on July 13, 1856, the first English
consul
2. bought sugar
3. manufactured cottons
4. his mercantile killed the native textile industry
C. Negros
1. growth of sugar industry was one of the most spectacular
developments in the country
2. Ilongo elite and Chinese mestizos resorted to land
grabbing
3. surplus income generated was spent on rice and cloth
4. natives were laborers
D. Bikol
1. abaca
2. there was prosperity in the country but no progress in
Bikol
3. growth by farmers in small patches of land
E. Infusion of
foreign capital
1. foreign firms exploited the natural resources
2. Indios remained poor
3. Chinese played an important role in Philippine economy
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