Brazilian Portuguese Grammar

Gerúndio
Use	Example	English	English equivalent
Manner clauses (how to do something)	Você pode aprender português lendo muito livros.	You can learn Portuguese by reading a lot of books.	Manner clauses introduced by preposition by or equivalent.
Verb estar *in the presente do indicativo* or imperfeito do indicativo + gerund**	Vocês estão estudando português. Ele estava dormindo.	You (guys) are studying Portuguese. He was sleeping.	Present continuous & past continuous
*verb ver* + person + gerund**	Eu o vi correndo na rua.	I saw him running on the street.	verbs to see/hear + person + verb in the ing form
*verb ouvir* + person + gerund**	Ela ouviu o irmão chorando.	She heard her brother crying.	verbs to see/hear + person + verb in the ing form
Reduced clauses (subordinating clauses of time, condition, contrast, etc)	Tendo terminado o trabalho, ele partiu.	Having finished the job, he left. = After he finished the job, he left.	In English, these clauses are called participial clauses. Note: *Simple gerunds (gerúndios simples)* refer to actions in progress, and the compound gerunds (gerúndios compostos) refer to finished, completed actions.** gerúndio composto: verb in the gerund + past participle (tendo terminado, tendo feito, tendo comprado, etc)
	Sabendo exatamente o que fazer, ele tomou a decisão.	Knowing exactly what to do, he made the decision. = Since he knew exactly what to do, he made the decision.

Particípio
Use	Example	English	English equivalent
Main verbs in compound tenses of the indicative and subjunctive moods	Ele tinha saído quando o telefone tocou.	He had left when the phone rang.	Go to Verb tenses 1 for the use of compound tenses of the indicative and subjunctive.
	Se eu não tivesse perdido minha câmera fotográfica...	If I hadn't lost my camera...
	Você tem estudado português nas últimas semanas.	You have studied (have been studying) Portuguese over the last few weeks.
	Não direi nada até que eu tenha recebido um ligação telefônica.	I won't say anything until I have gotten a phone call.
	Ele teria jogado futebol se...	She would have played soccer if...
Compound verbals	Ele negou ter ameaçado matar os participantes. (compound impersonal infinitive)	He denied that he had threatened the participants.	Generally speaking, compound verbals refer to finished, completed actions.
	Ele negou terem ameaçado matar os participantes. (compound personal infinitive)	He denied that they had threatened to kill the participants.
	Tendo lido o livro, ele foi para o quarto. (compound gerund)	Having read the book, he went to his bedroom.
Read Reduced clauses (participial clauses)