CH 251, Respiratory Drugs, Skeletal Muscle Relaxants, Antihypertensive Drugs, Angina Pectoris, Cardiac Arrhythmias, Congestive Heart Failure, Coagulation Disorders and Hyperlipidia, Endocrine Pharmacology, Male and Female Hormones, Thyroid and Parathyroid, Diabetes

Final Exam Objectives

DIABETES

Diabetes Mellitus

Complications in Diabetes

Short term hyperglycemia: results in increased  glucose excretion (kidney is unable to absorb glucose).  This causes shift in energy source to proteins and fat which leads to formation of acidic ketones and lower pH levels in the body = ketoacidosis.  This can lead to coma or even death.

Long term: thickening of small vessels eg in the retina leading to blindness and in kidney to  renal failure. 

Therapy

Hypoglycemia

Eg Dymelor, Glucamide, Glucotrol etc.  These drugs help to decrease level of sugar in blood (not effective for Type I, as these drugs only facilitate insulin in its function)

Adverse effects: hypoglycemia, GI stress, heartburn, headache, confusion etc.

Glucagon: promotes sugar release, usually given by IV.

Cyclosporine: used to prevent tissue rejection during organ transplant.  It decreases need to insulin in Type I diabetes.

Diabetes

Type I.  Insulin injections. 

Type II: non drug therapy: improvement in diet, weight control and exercise.  Islet cell replacement therapy (surgical process)