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ANCIENT BELIEFS
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North America Lands
Each mayor category will be focusing on the gods, goddesses or heroes from that location. This section is dedicated to the nothern cultures, and if you know of a great site or have an image of any of these gods, goddesses, or heroes that you like to share please send it allow with all copyright information to dragonpoet. Thank you.
The main source of information appearing on these pages is from Goddesses, heroes, and shamans; a guide to world mythology
The Great Spirit:
First Human:
Animals:
Guardian Spirits:
Ceremony:
Abenaki mythology
Blackfoot mythology
Chippewa mythology
Creek mythology
Crow mythology
More will be forthcoming!!!!!!
The native people of North America arrived in small groups over a thousands years ago by crossing the Bering Strait during the ice age. During the ice age, sea levels were lower allowing them land access to enter what is known today as Alaska, and from there they spread southward and eastward into the Northern American Continent. Each community adopted to the environment in which they settled in, and as well each group developed their own culture, language, and ways of life. Amongst this, varied beliefs and myths emerged, however they all possessed common themes and links to each other.
Most Native Americans believe in a Great Spirit, who is an especially powerful god that created the world or inspired the world's creation. He is a vague figure that is often linked to others as such as Mother Earth and Father Sky, who were responsible for the specific details of creating the world. One of the most common creator figures is the Earth diver, who dived into the sea and returned with the mud in which the earth was made. Others believe that the earth was on the back of a turtle.
Usually, human beings were created by one or more gods or goddesses and yet, there are others who believe that the people climbed up onto the earth from an underground cave such as in the Pueblo story of Masewi and Oyoyewa. Others say that a hero lead the first people on a journey and trhough several test he teaches them how to organize and how to behave. The Iroquois believe that their first ancestor was a woman, Ataensic. Nevertheless, what tale was told and believed, each community had thier story of where man first came from and how he was created.
Animals played a vital role in many of the Native America myths, and it isn't surpising since many of the cultures depended upon the animals for their survival. Many believed that animals could change into human beings, and many of the Northwest Coast tribes belived that they descended from animals who took human form. These animals are now the special symbols or "totems" of each clan. The images of animals were often carved on wooden totems that showned the clan's status, or told the family's history. Often times they were placed at the entrance of the village, by the grave of a dead chief, or outside the clan's house.
Most people believed in guardian spirits, who acted as a kind of spirit helper, a guide that helped the individual throughout their lives. In their early teens, often the boys would set out on a vision quest. A prayer that involved fasting in a remote place as they attempted to find their own personal guardian spirit. Some would wound themselves to assist them in this process. The spirit often times took the shape of a bird or animal. They also believed that only a select few could talk to the spirits, and these people called Shamans would assist the tribe in finding animals to hurt and to heal the sick or wounded.
Native Americans held a number of different ceremonies that often times involved music and dancing. Sometimes the ceremonies were links to food such as in the Corn Dance of the Eastern Woodlands to offer thanks for a good harvest. Among the Plains Indian, the Sun was an important figure their creation myth and the most important ceremony was the Sun Dance, held once a year. Another ceremony that was common in Plains and Woodlands Indians was the sacred pipe, which was an important link between family, community and the universe. Those in the Southwest held ceremonies underground in rooms called Kivas. The kiva represent the Mother Earth, and with a hold in the floor called Shipap, they believed this was where the people came from, and it was here that they offered their prayers.
The Chippewa (also Ojibwa, Anishaabe) are a tribe of Native Americans located in the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada. Chippewa mythology is known from oral legends such as the Atisokan, which are told only in winter in order to preserve their transformative powers. The Midewin are the spiritual leaders of the tribe. A particularly well-respected male spiritual leader was called Tcisaki. Nanabozho, (also known as Wenabozho), is the trickster, who sometimes takes the form of a hare. Aniwye is a skunk spirit and was involved in the creation of skunks. Bagucks is a mischievous spirit, a skeletal bird. He is a skeleton because he has starved himself out of obstinance. Wemicus is a trickster god.
The Blackfoot are a tribe of Native Americans who currently live in Montana. They lived west of the Great Lakes and lived in Montana and Alberta and participated in Plains Indian culture. In Blackfoot mythology there is also a supernatural world, dominated above the natural world by the sun, and below by the beaver. The sun is sometimes personified by the part human Napi, or Old Man. The area in which the Blackfoot lived was created by Old Man exploring the area on his way north. (Nettl, 1989) The numbers four, the cardinal directs, and seven, the six principle points and center, are important in Blackfoot mythology. Communication occurs between the supernatural world and Blackfoot through visions of guardian spirits, during which useful songs and ceremonies may be imparted, such as that of medicine bundles. Ceremonies include the Sun Dance, called Medicine Lodge by the Blackfoot in English. Napi also gave the Blackfoot visions, and by implication Blackfoot music: "Now, if you are overcome, you may go and sleep, and get power. Something will come to you in your dream, that will help you. Whatever these animals tell you to do, you must obey them....Whatever animal answers your prayer, you must listen to him." (Nettl, 1989) The Buffalo Dance One of the primary sources of food and other needs was the American Bison. The typical hunting method was drive a herd off a cliff and butcher them after they died at the bottom of the cliff. Similar methods were used in ancient Europe. The night before, the shaman ceremonially smokes tobacco and prays to the sun. His wives are not allowed to leave their home, nor even look outside, until he returns; they were to pray to the sun and continually burn sweet grass. Fasting and dressed in a bison headdress, the shaman led a group of people at the head of a V formation. He attracted the herd's attention and brought them near the cliff; they were then scared by other men hiding behind them, who waved their robes and shouted. The bison ran off the cliff and died at the rocks below. According to legend, at one point the bison refused to go over the cliff. A woman walking underneath the cliff saw a herd right on the edge and pledged to marry one which jumped down. One did so and survived, turning into many dead buffalo at the bottom of the cliff. The woman's people ate the meat and the young woman left wth the buffalo. Her father went in search of her. When he stopped to rest, he told a magpie to search for his daughter and tell her where he was. The magpie found the woman and told her where her father was located. The woman met her father but refused to go home, frightened that the bison would kill her and her father; she said to wait until they were all asleep and would not miss her for some time. When she returned to the bison, her husband smelled another person and, gathering his herd, found the father and trampled him to death. The woman cried and her husband said that if she could bring her father back to life, they could both return to their tribe. The woman asked the magpie to find a piece of her father's body; he found a piece of his spine. The woman covered the bone with her robe and sang a song. She was successful and her father was reincarnated. Impressed, the woman's husband taught them a dance which would attract the bison and ensure success in the hunt and which would restore the dead bison to life, just as the woman had restored her father to life. The father and daughter returned to their tribe and taught a small group of men, eventually known as I-kun-uh'-kah-tsi ("all compatriots"), the dances.
The Abenaki (also Wabanaki) are a Native American tribe located in the northeastern United States. Religious ceremonies are led by shamans, called Medeoulin (Mdawinno). The history of the Abenaki people is divided into three time periods. In the first, the Ancient Age, humanity and animal-life are undifferentiated. In the second, the Golden Age, animals are still humans, but quantitatively different. In the third, the Present Age, animals and humanity are totally differentiated.
The Creek are a tribe of Native Americans from the southeastern United States. The shaman was called an Alektca. Creation The Creek believe that the world was originally entirely underwater. The only land was a hill, called Nunne Chaha, and on the hill was a house, wherein lived Esaugetuh Emissee ("master of breath"). He created humanity from the clay on the hill. The Creek also venerated the horned serpent Sint Holo, who appeared to suitably wise young men. Hisagita-imisi (meaning "preserver of breath"; also Hisakitaimisi) was the supreme god, a solar deity. He is also called Ibofanga ("the one who is sitting above (us)").
The Crow Tribe of Native Americans live in the Great Plains area of the United States. The shaman of the tribe was known as an Akbaalia ("healer"). The Mannegishi are bald humanoids with large eyes and tiny bodies. They were tricksters and may be similar to fairies. They have supposedly been sighted in Massachusetts and are known there as Dover Demons. Cirap� ("younger brother") is a companion of the old coyote trickster spirit. Awakkule is also a trickster spirit, but occasionally helps people instead. Baaxpee is a spiritual power that can cause a person to mature, as well as unusual events or circumstances that force maturation. After transmogrification, the changed are known as Xapaaliia. Andiciopec is a warrior hero who is invincible to bullets.