1960 DOD Department Of Defense Advanced Research roject
Vulcans Hammer Philip K Dick, a supercomputer, Vulcan 3, is created to run a world government after
a devastating war. Humans become its enemies after it gains its own intelligence and
becomes paranoid and irrational. It uses human political factions as its pawns for the
destruction of humanity
1961 General Motors installs the 1st industrial robot in a factory in New Jersey
SAINT James Slagle (Phd dissertation, MIT), 1st sybolic integration program whicvh solved calculus
problems at the college freshman level
1962 Unimation George Devol and Rodger Engleberger founded the 1st Industrial Robot company
The Jetsons premiers in the US. Set in 2062, the first episode has George Jetson hiring a demonstration
robot named Rosie who stayed with the family and is a featured cast member for the rest of the
series
Mariner 2 flies within 34,400 kilometers of Venus
1963 ANALOGY Thomas Evans (part of Phd work, MIT) demonstrated that computers can solve the same
analogy problems as those given on IQ tests
RANCHO ARM 1st robotic arm controlled by a computer, desiged as a tool for the handicapped, its six
joints mimicked the movement of a human arm
Ivan Sutherland MITdissertation on sketchpad introduced the idea of interactive graphics into computing
DR Who premiers on British television, features the Daleks who relience on technology forces
them tro live within robotic exoskeletons, led by the evil Davros
Edward "Computers and Thought", a collection of articles about artificial intelligence
Feigenbaum and
Julian Feldman
1964 Danny Bobrow MIT(Tech.report #1 from MIT's AI group, Project MAC) shows that computers can
understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly
Disney Audio-AnimatroicsPremiered at New York Worlds Fair
Bert Raphael MIT dissertation on the SIR programdemonstrates the power of a logical representation of
knowledge for question-answering systems
1965 J.Allen the Resolution Methodinvented a mechanical proof procedure, which allowed programs to
Robinson work efficiently with formal logic as a representation language.
Lost in Space premiers in US television
ELIZA Joseph Weizenbaum (MIT) built ELIZA, an interactive program that carries on a dialogue
in English on any topic. It was a popular toy at AI centers on the ARPA-net when a version
that "simulated ' the dialogue of a psychotherapist wasprogrammed
1966 Ross Quillian (PhD dissertation, Carnegie Inst. of Technology, now CMU) demonstrated semantic nets
1st Machine Edinburgh, the first of an influential annual series organized by Donald Michie
Intelligence and others.
Workshop
Natural Language (NLP )Negative report on machine translation kills much work in Natural Language
Processing Processing (NLP) for many years.
1967 Dendral Edward Feigenbaum, Joshua Lederberg, Bruce Buchanan, Georgia Sutherland at
Stanford demonstrated a program to interpret mass spectra on organic chemical
compounds. First successful knowledge-based program for scientific reasoning.
Macsyma program Joel Moses (PhD work at MIT) demonstrated the power of symbolic reasoning for
integration problems. First successful knowledge-based program in mathematics.
MacHack Richard Greenblatt at MITbuilt a knowledge-based chess-playing program that was
good enough to achieve a class-C rating in tournament play.
1968 INTEL Robert Noyce and Gordon Mooreboth leave Fairchild Semiconductor and co-founded
Intel, which will be known for the microprocessor
SHRDLU Terry Winograd's PhD thesis (MIT) SHRDLU program demonstrated the ability of
computers to understand English sentences
EXPERT 1st Expert Systems developed
SYSTEMS
Perceptrons Marvin Minsky & Seymour Papert demonstrating limits of simple neural nets.
1969 Shakey Stanford Research Institute (SRI) robot, 1st mobile robot that demonstrated combining
locomotion, perception and problem solving
Do Androids Dream Philip K Dick novel that depicts replicants, genetically engineered humans created
of Electric Sheep to fulfill roles that are too boring or dangerous for humans
mouse Doug Engelbart invented the mouse at SRI.
Roger Schank Stanford. defined conceptual dependency model for natural language understanding.
Later developed (in PhD dissertations at Yale) for use in story understanding by
Robert Wilensky and Wendy Lehnert, and for use in understanding memory by
Janet Kolodner.
First International (IJCAI) held at Stanford
Joint Conference
on Artificial
Intelligence
Early Jane Robinson established influential Natural Language Processing group at SRI.
70's and Don Walker
Terry Winograd PhD thesis (MIT) demonstrated the ability of computers to understand English
sentences in a restricted world of children's blocks, in a coupling of his
language understanding program, SHRDLU, with a robot arm that carried out
instructions typed in English.
1970 SCHOLAR Jaime Carbonell (Sr. )an interactive program for computer-aided instruction based on
semantic nets as the representation of knowledge
Augmented (ATN's) Bill Woods,a representation for natural language understanding.
Transistion
Networks
ARCH Patrick Winston's PhD program at MITlearned concepts from examples in the world of children's
blocks.
1971 SILENT directed by Douglass Trumbullfeatures three industrial robotsas important cast members -
RUNNING Drone 1, 2, nd 3, who respond to the names Huey, Dewey, and Louie
1972 Prolog Alain Colmerauer
1973 Sleeper Woody Allen. ffuturistic comedy featuring robots, including "Rags", a robotic dog,
a gay robot and robot tailors.
1974 MYCIN Ted Shortliffe's PhD dissertation at Stanford, demonstrated the power of rule-based
systems for knowledge representation and inference in the domain of medical diagnosis
and therapy. Sometimes called the first expert system.
ABSTRIPS Earl Sacerdoti developed one of the first planning programs and developed techniques
of hierarchical planning
SILVER ARM performed small parts assembly using touch and pressure sensors
Mariner 10 reaches Mercury, getting as close as 203 kilometers
Michael Jackson dances the robot to the tune of "Dancin' Machine"
1975 Marvin Minsky published his widely-read and influential article on Frames as a representation of
Knowledge, in which many ideas about schemas and semantic links are brought together.
Meta-Dendral Learning program produced new results in chemistry (some rules of mass spectrometry)
the first scientific discoveries by a computer to be published in a refereed journal.
PUMA Victor ScheinmanProgrammable Universal Machine for Assembly
mid Barbara Grosz established limits to traditional AI approaches to discourse modeling. Subsequent work by
70's Grosz, Bonnie Webber and Candace Sidner developed the notion of "centering", used
in establishing focus of discourse and anaphoric references in NLP.
Smalltalk Alan Kay and Adele Goldberg (Xerox PARC)establishing the power of object-oriented
programming and of icon-oriented interfaces
David Marr and describe the "primal sketch " and its role in visual perception.
MIT colleagues
1976 AM program Doug Lenat's Stanford PhD dissertation demonstrated the discovery model
(loosely-guided search for interesting conjectures).
Randall Davis demonstrated the power of meta-level reasoning in his PhD dissertation at Stanford.
LOGAN's RUN features a robot named Box
Viking Lands on Mars
FEMBOTS Fembots appear first in the "Kill Oscar" episode of "The Six Million Dollar Man"
Late SUMEX-AIM Ed Feigenbaum and Joshua Lederberg (Stanford)demonstrates the power of the ARPAnet
70's for scientific collaboration
1977 Star Wars features R2-D2 and C3PO. Also introduces computer-controlled camera work
1978 Version Spaces Tom Mitchell, at Stanford,invented the concept of Version Spaces for describing
the search space of a concept formation program
Herb Simon wins the Nobel Prize in Economics for his theory of bounded rationality, one of the
cornerstones of AI known as"satisficing"
MOLGEN Mark Stefik and Peter Friedland (Stanford)demonstrated that an object-oriented
representation of knowledge can be used to plan gene-cloning experiments
1979 EMYCIN Bill VanMelle's PhD dissertation at Stanforddemonstrated the generality of MYCIN's
representation of knowledge and style of reasoning in his EMYCIN program,
the model for many commercial expert system "shells"
INTERNIST Jack Myers and Harry Pople at University of Pittsburgha knowledge-based
medical diagnosis program based on Dr.Myers' clinical knowledge.
CHI Cordell Green, David Barstow, Elaine Kant and others at Stanforddemonstrated the
CHI system forautomatic programming.
The Stanford Hans Moravecbecomes the first computer-controlled, autonomous vehicle when it
Carts successfully traverses a chair-filled room and circumnavigates the Stanford AI Lab.
Drew McDermott begin publishing work on non-monotonic logics and formal aspects of truth maintenance
& Jon Doyle at
MIT , and John
McCarthy at
Stanfo