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Fahd bin Abdul Aziz


 


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Fahd bin Abdul Aziz

Sultan Bin Abdul Aziz

Naef Bin Abdul Aziz

Salman Bin Abdul Aziz

Ahmad Bin Abdul Aziz

 

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THE AL-SUDEIRI SEVEN

Fahd was born 75 years ago as the eldest brother of the Al-Sudeiri seven. He grew up in a household where competition was admired, strength encouraged, and Machiavellianism promoted. This is how Fahd learned ambition and greed.

Hossa Al-Sudeiri, Fahd's mother, grew up in that same household. In the first years of her marriage to Abdul Aziz, no sons were born. Following Saudi tradition and culture, Abdul Aziz divorced her because she obviously could not produce sons. She married Abdul Aziz's brother with her former husband's full consent. Not long after, she gave her new husband a boy. Abdul Aziz then changed his mind and asked his brother to divorce her so that he could marry her again. Hossa bore him seven sons-- Fahd, Turki, Abdul Rahman, Sultan, Naef, Salman, and Ahmad--called the Sudeiri seven. These seven brothers with their sons now control Saudi Arabia's future.

Fahd grew up in a tough household where his mother supported and nurtured his warlike and greedy nature. She was able to foster these qualities in all of the brothers except Naef, the Minister of Interior, who is not known for his courage nor ambition. The Sudeiri Seven, in one way or another, have tightly held on to power as the only ruling family Saudi Arabia has ever had. Their control is absolute and those who dare question them are excluded from their circle which in Saudi culture means ostracism from the larger society. Exclusion, or chastising; is like a death warrant. To be excluded is to be no longer accepted as a citizen, and to have society scorn the family of the banished one.

FAHD GETS INTO TROUBLE

If Fahd's ambitious and predatory nature ensured his emergence as leader of the royal family, then killing King Faisal showed how far he was willing to go to gain power.

Early on, Fahd recognized that the system of accession put in place by his father, granting age over experience, would not guarantee his rule of the Kingdom. He would have to wait for a number of older half-brothers to be king before he could attain the prize. Fahd has never been a patient person.

When ARAMCO (ARab American Marketing COmpany) was formed, the country was gaining financial independence from foreign aid. Fahd wanted to become part of the inner circle controlling oil revenues so he could continue his playboy lifestyle: Gambling and sex. So, late in 1969, after losing a lot of money in the Monte Carlo casinos, King Faisal summoned him back to Saudi Arabia.

In contrast to Fahd, King Faisal managed both government and personal funds wisely and with restraint. The king, in a fascinating expression of democratic values held open forums where, several times a week, he ate with anyone who wished to join him in his palace. This tradition kept the people of Saudi Arabia in contact with their king (Fahd, obviously not interested in being in touch with his people, abolished this tradition right after his accession after the death of King Khaled in 1982). When Fahd arrived, he had to wait for Faisal to acknowledge him. Waiting meant standing behind a seated Faisal and in front of commoners. Making Fahd wait was Faisal's way of punishing Fahd for his gambling losses without ostracizing him publicly. Fahd stood like a sulking child for the hour it took Faisal to finish his dinner. He never forgave Faisal for this humiliation, and even today, years after it happened, he still seethes at the mention of that day.

Since that meeting, Fahd plotted to kill Faisal. Faisal's death would guarantee total power for the Sudeiris and complete control of the considerable amount of revenue pouring into the national treasury. It was a no lose situation for Fahd. If he killed Faisal, he would be in control. If he was unable to kill him, he would be building the political allies needed to ascend to power. The plotting placed members of the family against each other without involving the Sudeiris directly.


FAHD KILLS KING FAISAL

In 1965, Fahd was Minister of Interior and, therefore, in charge of internal security. His job was to maintain law and order. Order was threatened on March 25, 1965 when Khaled bin Musaid, a member of the Al-Saud family, was killed while leading a protest against the introduction of a radio station in Saudi Arabia. Fahd ordered Khaled executed for killing a guard standing outside. The death of the guard--who belonged to the Oneiza tribe, one of the largest tribes in Saudi Arabia--late in the evening almost started a riot. Khaled bin Musaid's execution was very swift justice carried out according to Islamic Sharia'a and tradition. King Faisal awakened to the news and was unable to stop rumors blaming him for the execution. Having no choice but to accept responsibility, the King stood by the Koran and Islamic tradition, implicitly protecting Fahd. Fahd could not be happier. Thus ended the first stage of Fahd's plot to kill King Faisal. The second stage was more precise and needed stronger support from members of the family. Since Faisal was highly respected in Saudi Arabia, his killing must look like it was an accident or the act of a madman.

THE ACCIDENT

First, Fahd tried to stage an accident that would kill Faisal. At that time, King Faisal always rode in a red Chevrolet convertible that constantly needed repairs because of harsh desert weather. Fahd, in an attempt to bribe the king into relaxing laws and government spending habits, offered Faisal a brand new Rolls Royce. In the winter of 1971, the king refused to ride in the car knowing that if accepted, every member of Saudi Arabian royalty would want a luxury car at government expense. Instead, he asked for and received another red Chevrolet convertible.

Faisal liked to spend part of the summer in Taif, a small city high in the mountains not far from Jeddah and Mecca. The view on the way to Taif is spectacular and the roads very dangerous. Faisal always sat next to the driver. His entourage consisted of a military Jeep carrying his personal chief of security and two other hand-picked security men. Sometimes his convoy included other dignitaries or advisers such as the late Dr. Rashad Pharaon. On such a trip in the summer of 1972, the car breaks failed on the road between Mecca and the mountains, forcing the driver to drive off the road into the desert. Faisal, being very private, never expressed his feelings or mentioned his suspicions to anyone, not even to his closest adviser Dr. Pharaon, but those who accompanied him on that trip remember him murmuring the name of Fahd after the accident.

THE MADMAN

Next, Fahd resorted to a more certain scheme that would place him and his family above suspicion. Fahd gained family support by complaining of Faisal's avarice and tight control of a budget process. Besides the Sudeiri brothers, other princes started listening to Fahd because they had the same complaints and wondered why they were not benefiting from Saudi Arabia's wealth. A legitimate question given that some of these princes have been abroad and have seen capitalism and consumerism at work and the power money yields.

International events helped sway the Saud family to side with Fahd. In October 1973, Egypt crossed the desert in a surprise attack on Israel. The Yom Kippur war prompted King Faisal to support Egypt through a much-remembered oil embargo that created the OPEC cartel and raised oil prices through the roof. The new additional income generated by the demand for oil persuaded princes who previously hesitated to align themselves with Fahd to change their minds. The West hated Faisal because of the oil embargo and because of the greed they had witnessed in his immediate family, including Fahd. With the advice of Dr. Rashad Pharaon, Faisal, at the end of 1973, increased the annual compensation of all the princes in the royal family, thus defusing the palace coup that was being pushed by Fahd. The raise in their compensation alleviated the pressure only somewhat. Faisal had to worry about Saudi Arabia's image abroad after the oil embargo, and Fahd took advantage of this embargo to seek international support for dethroning King Faisal. But Fahd lacked the know-how and the network to successfully lobby for that support. Fahd returned to the drawing board and found that a simple decision he made back in 1969 as Minister of Interior was his best bet.

Musaid bin Saud had a son studying at the University of Colorado. Playing on the son's thirst for revenge, and on the Koran's teaching of an eye for an eye, Fahd, through emissaries, convinced the son that King Faisal, not Fahd, was his father's killer.

Traditionally, the King in Saudi Arabia is available to be visited by his people at certain times of the day during a certain number of days in a week. This public event is called Al-Majlis. On March 25, 1975, King Faisal was in a mid-morning Al-Majlis. At that meeting, Oil Minister Ahmad Zaki Yamani was to introduce the Oil Minister of Kuwait, Mr. Kazimi. Among the people behind Kazimi's large frame was Faisal bin Musaid, the brother of Khaled bin Musaid who was killed in 1965 by Fahd. As he got close to Faisal, he brandished his .38 pistol, shooting Faisal 3 times at close range. Faisal's last words, according to those present, were Fahd, I forgive you. Stories surfaced everywhere that an American girlfriend was behind the killing. The truth is that Fahd killed Faisal. He killed him to get his hands on the oil revenues of Saudi Arabia.


FAHD KILLS KING KHALED

Khaled succeeded King Faisal, but he was just a figurehead. He never wanted to become king. When King Faisal was killed, Fahd, with support of the seven Sudeiris, met with the elders of the royal family. During that meeting, Fahd pushed to have Khaled relinquish the throne, but Prince Mohammad, known as Twin-evil because he used violence to get his way, disagreed. Mohammad relinquished the throne because of his age and let Khaled take over. During this historic family meeting Mohammad refused to back Fahd, claiming that he would become king before he let Fahd become one. Reluctantly, Fahd had to abstain from pursuing his dream of becoming king and let Khaled be crowned against his will and with the approval of Mohammad Twin-evil. But Fahd knew that Khaled would be amiable to his wishes. In fact, even though Khaled was king, Fahd ruled the kingdom. Khaled would spend his days receiving dignitaries and hunting. His limited understanding of international affairs suited Fahd just fine.

During Khaled's reign from 1975 until his death in 1982, Saudi Arabia experienced an unprecedented oil boom. Billionaires were created overnight, and billions were being stolen in the guise of commissions from contracts. Big-league racketeering had come to Saudi Arabia. For seven years, Fahd stole from the Saudi people as he waited for what he wanted most of all--to become king and to use the power of the throne to feed his greed.

Everyone knew about Khaled's weak heart. In fact, he never moved anywhere unless accompanied by a team of American and European doctors and nurses on 24-hour standby in case of emergency. A Canadian nurse was a member of that team. In 1982, she was called into King Khaled's room for consultation along with the waiting team of experts. As soon as the team started emergency procedures, and while the king was still barely alive, Fahd barged in and asked everyone, including the medical staff, to leave the room. Later, the nurse learned that another team took care of the king who subsequently died of a heart attack. In truth, Fahd did not want the regular team to attend to Khaled because they would discover the real cause of his death.

Several days later, a small obituary on the 12th page of the local daily newspaper declared that the palace cook drowned in a swimming pool. The cook, a young Egyptian named Youssef, was murdered. He had poisoned King Khaled's meal. The king's servants called the team that included the Canadian nurse when they realized that the king felt sick. Fahd forbade the team to see the King. One plus one equals two. First, Fahd killed Faisal, then seven years later, poisoned Khaled. He had finally arrived; he would finally become king.

WE NEED AN ANTI-CORRUPTION LAW

March of 1975 marked the beginning of the end of Saudi Arabia as a rich and independent country and the beginning of the largest embezzlement scheme in the history of mankind. King Fahd is the mastermind and all his Sudeiri brothers are major beneficiaries and accomplices in his crime. How much Fahd has stolen and how he steals are discussed in detail on another page called : HOW

The richest man in the world, according to Forbes magazine, is the Sultan of Brunei, worth $25 billion. Witnesses who have visited Fahd and discussed the wealthiest man issue with him see a grin spread across his face. The grin says Fahd knows that he has stolen more and is worth more than the Sultan of Brunei's billions. CACSA is currently developing a complex economic model using available oil sales and consumption data to determine approximately the amount of money Fahd and the other Sudeiris have embezzled. The results with detailed explanations based on budgets, revenues, expenditures and other essential criteria will be posted. Analysis of Saudi businesses and their revenue base is also under way. Most of the largest companies in Saudi Arabia have been created from the proceeds of stolen money. They have remained in operation through profits from government contracts that allow Fahd to steal.

Only certain world industries are large enough to create a very large base of wealth. The top three are: Arms, Drugs, and Oil. People who control or deal with any of these industries are the richest people in the world. Arms are controlled through government and political consensus; the illegal drug industry and the oil market have been controlled by Fahd for 15 years. That's how he gained his vast wealth.

How could a man so incompetent reach power? How could a man so unwise become King? How could a man so lacking in vision govern? The United States is the world's largest donor to Third World countries. If one had to trace corruption in these countries, one would discover the extent to which a corrupt leader can harm his people. Money stolen from the government treasury could have been used to increase the standard of living and thus alleviate social problems such as poverty and disease. It is the responsibility of the United Nations, with the leadership of the United States, to pass a law against corruption. Such a law should mirror the Crimes Against Humanity law and would go far in protecting the national interests of donor countries by giving states the power to eradicate corruption. All funds confiscated can be used by the World Bank and the IMF to further their goal of economic responsibility and stability around the world. The old adage that allowing dictators to steal from their country rewards them for their political alignment smacks of social irresponsibility and a lack of democratic values. The story of Fahd is an example of how an incompetent leader's greed has destroyed the economic future of a country. Such a result serves no one, not even those who are entrusted with protecting the oil supply.

THE WORLD'S LARGEST YACHT

King Fahd is confined to his palace in Jeddah and only leaves to go to the airport occasionally to greet visitors, but his incapacitation does not prevent him from spending money. He owns the largest yacht in the world called the "Abdul Aziz." This 482-foot long floating palace has 60 guest rooms, a helicopter pad and two swimming pools. It is equipped with a gym, a sauna, and a hospital with an intensive care unit. The king paid over $30 million and continues to spend millions to have it remodeled according to his ever-changing whims. His bathtub is hand-carved from solid marble and large enough to comfortably hold over twenty people. For protection, the yacht is armed with four Stinger anti-aircraft missiles and a missile detection system.

To complement his spacious sea quarters, the king also has his private missile-equipped Boeing 747. The plane is divided into three floors. Unable to climb stairs, the king had an elevator installed so he could get from floor to floor. There is also an operating room and a refrigerator stocked with his own blood in case he needs a blood transfusion. The king's opulence and his history of cardiac problems led to the apocryphal story that he is accompanied by a healthy young Saudi who has pledged to donate his heart to the king if Fahd's heart fails.

The king owns 1.5 acres of land along Lac Leman in Geneva, Switzerland, in a reportedly environmentally protected forest. He plans to build 11 villas complete with garages for his fleet of 70 expensive cars, in addition to the already constructed helicopter pad. The villas are to be linked by a series of underground tunnels. Despite these grandiose plans, the king has never visited the land since he purchased it last year. He claims it is too small for his entourage.

The king continues to spend money from the government treasury even though the government had to officially borrow money from other countries from 1991 to 1995. Billions of dollars are still owed to Saudi contractors and farmers who provided services during the Persian Gulf war. Water shortages are common due to outdated infrastructure; public utilities, because of under funding, are struggling to supply the power the country needs. Government spending decisions must be approved by the king. Official estimates of the king's wealth report he is worth about $20 billion dollars. He could pay the Saudi deficit three times over. He should pay it since his money comes from the government treasury.

When the kingdom spends money on its citizens, it doesn't buy what is needed or useful. For example, in 1989, the $140 million, white marble King Fahd Cultural Center was finished, complete with large marble foyer, over 3,000 seating capacity, laser lighting, and a hydraulically operated stage. Known as "the opera house," the center has yet to open; in fact, most Saudis do not know about it. Although, there are no plans to use it in the immediate future, vast sums are spent to maintain it. The air conditioning is always on to preserve the expensive woods used to furnish the center.


GIFTS TO HIS "FRIENDS" AND FAMILY

Still, Fahd does not spend the billions he has taken from the Saudi people money only on himself or only on frivolous projects. He also uses it to buy influence. Before Bill Clinton became president he wanted the Saudi government to fund a Middle East Studies program at the University of Arkansas. The royal family refused to return his phone calls. Miraculously, after the governor became president, the king remembered the request and gave him over $20 million to have the program named after the king. Because the royal family often spends money to gain and keep political allies, experts doubt Saudi Arabia's growing economic problems will spur the House of Saud to reign in their impulses to lavish "gifts" on politically and economically powerful leaders.

He also lavishes gifts on his favorite family members. Last year, he gave his nephew, Prince Bandar, an Airbus airplane worth $180 million.

AFTER FAHD

Since his stroke in November 1995, King Fahd has lost his ability to govern. Even before his stroke, he was handing over power, piece by piece to his brothers. As he grew increasingly overweight, he became less active. Now he no longer travels, and seems to be making fewer decisions. Despite the king's written promise to open all of the Saudi's investigative files on the terrorist bombing in Dhahran to the FBI, the Mabaheth, the Saudi national police force headed by the king's brother, Prince Naef, has refused to share intelligence reports with the U.S or to allow the FBI to question 30 suspects, including the alleged driver of the truck.

In July, 1996, FBI director, Louis Freeh asked US President Clinton to use his influence to break the impasse with the Saudi investigators. Clinton relayed a message for King Fahd to Prince Bandar. Fahd was allegedly too ill and incoherent to receive the message, so Bandar passed it on to Prince Sultan. Sultan was unable to force Naef's men to be more responsive to the FBI.

The FBI is investigating because 19 U.S. citizens died in the blast. Prince Bandar, Saudi ambassador to the U.S. and the king's nephew, recently defended his uncle Naef's stance against further aiding the U.S. investigation. Such secrecy leads some experts to wonder if Naef is hiding evidence of an internal power struggle. At any rate, the FBI can only get the information and access that the royal family allows them. The world may never know who really killed the servicemen. Saudi Arabia experts expect more bombings like those in Dhahran and Riyadh (November 1995) as long as the House of Saud continues to rule without regard for Saudi citizens. Observers note that the lives of U.S. military personnel stationed in Saudi Arabia are more at risk now than they were when they were fighting Iraq in 1991.

With the king health's deteriorating, Saudi Arabia is ruled by a committee consisting of members of the House of Saud with Crown Prince Abdullah, next in line to the throne, assuming more and more monarchical duties. In fact, Fahd had completely handed over power to the Crown Prince for almost the entire month of January 1996. Even though he has nominally returned to power, the king is too ill to meet regularly with visiting government officials; in fact, he is only seen publicly in carefully staged photo opportunities. He is rarely lucid enough to conduct government business. He reportedly can't remember the last person he has spoken to. In an embarrassing moment near the end of last year, he "spaced out" in front of a foreign official, and the Crown Prince had to take over the meeting. King Fahd is so incapacitated that his brothers are reportedly talking about getting him to put himself in a nursing home. They hesitate to take this action themselves because they are involve in a power struggle with Abdullah, who is not one of the Sudeiri Seven. Prince Bandar and others
family members of his generation are calling for succession to take place while Fahd is still alive. Abdullah has already taken over some of the contracts which were moneymakers for the Sudeiri Seven, for example, the Al-Yamamah contract with British Petroleum.

Saudi citizens are growing increasingly vocal, demanding a role in government policymaking. They see their economic situation deteriorating as the royal family grows richer. One man told Donald Jehl of the New York Times News Service, "The people need to eat."

The increasingly vocal grassroots opposition to the royal family and mounting evidence of corruption in the Saudi government lead some pundits to wonder how long the Saudi history of non-violent succession will continue. The king rules by fiat and there are no elections whatsoever for any position in the entire country. The royal family does its utmost to restrain news about Fahd's health from reaching the public. After the BBC broadcasted a report showing just how poorly the king was faring and how unable he is to govern, the royal family canceled a contract between the BBC and its Saudi Arabian affiliate and closed the Saudi television station that broadcasted the program. The Saudi Arabian affiliate, Orbit owned by Prince Fahd bin Khaled, a nephew of the King, repeatedly interrupted the signals of any BBC broadcast that cast the royal family in a negative light.

Saudi censorship does not stop with banning reports about the king's health. In June 1996, the royal family confiscated and destroyed 900 copies of a Reader's Digest article that highlighted the House of Saud's wasteful, corrupt, and repressive practices. They failed to broadcast reports that Saudi law enforcers, led by Prince Naef, refused to allow FBI investigators to question the four men who were executed in May of last year for the November 1995 car-bombing at a Riyadh military training site. Pierre Ghanem, news editor for MBC, the television news channel owned by King Fahd's brother-in- law, Sheik Walid Ali Ibrahim, admits that there are some news stories he is not allowed to broadcast Saudi-owned news outlets can only relay positive stories about the royal family and how it governs. People are not allowed to talk to reporters. All reporters must get government permission before interviewing a non-governmental Saudi citizen.

Human rights watchers, like Nina Shea--an international human rights lawyer practicing for over 17 years--view Saudi government abuse as so irredeemable that they are calling for the U.S. to stop supporting the royal family financially and militarily.

The January 29 sharp rise in oil prices due to mistaken reports of the king's death confirms the business market's skittishness over the question of succession. When investors learned that it was the sister who died, oil prices quickly fell. The United States government is so worried about the future of the country that the CIA did a "hard-target" analysis of Saudi Arabia. The agency only orders such a report on countries it considers unstable or enemies. Saudi Arabia is not an enemy, but clearly the U.S. is concerned about how long the House of Saud will be able to hang on to control. After all, they and other Western countries have staked their Middle East policy on stability in Saudi Arabia. U.S. intelligence agencies also realize that they cannot count on the royal family to reveal the true effects of their rule. So, the U.S. is reportedly increasing its use of visitors to gather information and to develop intelligence sources among Saudis who travel or reside outside the kingdom.

Even King Fahd is worried. On April 9, 1996, he dismissed General Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Bihairi, an air force commander. A group of his officers were discovered meeting secretly. The contents of those meetings were not made public, but they must have been anti-royal family for the king to take such a drastic step as discharging a commander.

Gambling in Islam is forbidden. King Fahd holds the title of "Guardian of the Two Holly Mosques". By being a gambler and a womanizer, he is desecrating the Mosques by using a title that is not fit for a person with his lifestyle. One of the reasons why Islamic groups are terrorizing Saudi Arabia in 1996 is because they feel that Fahd has betrayed not only the country but also Islam through titles and positions he does not deserve. The following story is true and has been documented by Time Magazine in their October 19, 1970 edition.

Prince Fahd bin Abdul Aziz, Minister of Interior of Saudi Arabia, looses $6 million in gambling in Monte Carlo in 1970.

Prince Fahd landed in Hotel de Paris a month earlier and upon landing demanded that the Casino stays open until they leave. The policy was changed to accommodate His Highness who night after night stayed until the early morning hours and in one evening stayed until nine o'clock in the morning. The hotel "Croupier" thanked God that they were not doing this for a thousand and one night.

They requested from the Casino to increase the maximum one number gambling limit from $400 (remember that in 1970, $400 was a considerable amount) to $1,600 which could result in winning over $57,000 if a number hits. The increase in the limit created quite a show in the Casino. Women of ill repute were hovering for attention and tips to waiters and waitresses created quite a stir.

Fahd ended up loosing $6 million on that trip. That fateful $6 million eventually led to King Faisal in punishing and humiliating Prince Fahd in front of his piers and common Saudis which in turn led Fahd to a blind hate and eventually to the killing of Faisal for that humiliation.

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REBELS IN THE KINGDOM; FACING INTERNAL DISSENT ON TWO FRONTS, THE SAUDIS WANT THE U.S. TO PUNISH IRAN, HOWARD CHUA-EOAN, REPORTED BY DEAN FISCHER/WASHINGTON AND SCOTT MACLEOD/RIYADH Journal of Commerce, December 20, 1996, Friday, Pg. 1A, 1294 words,
Airbus absorbs Boeing shock and pushes on, JOURNAL OF COMMERCE STAFF, LONDON Agence France Presse, December 15, 1996, International news, 840 words,
Saudis take up offensive against Islamic militants, Lachlan Carmichael, DUBAI, Dec 15 Copyright 1996 Times Newspapers Limited Sunday Times, December 15, 1996, Sunday, Overseas news, 588 words,
America plans revenge missile attacks on Iran James Adams, Washington The Washington Post, December 06, 1996, Friday, Final Edition, A SECTION; Pg. A47; DIPLOMATIC DISPATCHES, 851 words,
Argentina: Prospering From Lessons Learned, Nora Boustany, Washington Post Foreign Service Reuters North American Wire, December 5, 1996, Thursday, BC cycle, 590 words,
Gulf Arabs, seeking unity, set for tense summit, By Ashraf Fouad, DOHA, Dec 5 Austin American-Statesman, December 01, 1996, News; Pg. A2, 556 words,
Royal ties with Saudis hampering U.S. intelligence efforts, JEFF GERTH AND ELAINE SCIOLINO Dayton Daily News, December 1, 1996, Sunday, CITY EDITION, Pg. 3A, 395 words,
U.S. STILL HAS A LOT TO LEARN ABOUT SAUDIS, Jeff Gerth and Elaine Sciolino NEW YORK TIMES, WASHINGTON Energy Economist, December, 1996, ENERGY, 1233 words,
Rationalism and the oil price Jane's Intelligence Review, December 1, 1996, SAUDI ARABIA: THE THREAT FROM WITHIN No. ; Pg. 3, 352 words,
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Jane's Intelligence Review, December 1, 1996, SAUDI ARABIA: THE THREAT FROM WITHIN No. ; Pg. 4, 658 words,
Introduction: unease in the Holy Land Jane's Intelligence Review, December 1, 1996, POLITICS: IS REFORM POSSIBLE? No. ; Pg. 6, 1723 words,
Politics: is reform possible? Jane's Intelligence Review, December 1, 1996, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY: IN TRANSITION No. ; Pg. 11, 1432 words,
Economy and society: in transition Jane's Intelligence Review, December 1, 1996, THE OPPOSITION No. ; Pg. 14, 3755 words,
The opposition Jane's Intelligence Review, December 1, 1996, THE OPPOSITION No. ; Pg. 18, 267 words,
A cruel testimony to fundamentalist sentiments The New York Times, December 1, 1996, Sunday, Late Edition - Final, Section 1; Page 1; Column 5; Foreign Desk , 1766 words,
U.S. Takes Hard Look at Saudis With Bombing and Shah in Mind, By JEFF GERTH and ELAINE SCIOLINO , WASHINGTON, Nov. 30 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 1, 1996, Sunday, FIVE STAR LIFT Edition NEWS; Pg. 3A, 409 words,
SAUDIS VOW TO PROTECT U.S. TROOPS, PERRY SAYS, PRINCE SULTAN AIRBASE, SAUDI ARABIA The State Journal-Register (Springfield, IL), December 1, 1996, Friday, EARLY AND CITY EDITIONS, Pg. 6, 644 words,
Saudi bombing revealed a lack of U.S. intelligence Ties to royal family aren't helping U.S., JEFF GERTH and ELAINE SCIOLINO N.Y. TIMES NEWS SERVICE , WASHINGTON The Washington Post, December 01, 1996, Sunday, Final Edition, A SECTION; Pg. A33, 1533 words,
West Pursues Terror Camp's Possible Link to Saudi Bombing of U.S. Troops, Barton Gellman, Washington Post Foreign Service, BAALBEK, Lebanon Agence France Presse, November 30, 1996, International news, 254 words,
Saudi ambassador to London to be replaced: report, LONDON, Dec 1 The Daily Telegraph, November 30, 1996, Saturday, INTERNATIONAL; Pg. 16, 526 words,
Afghan cave exile rejects Saudi deal Deutsche Presse-Agentur, November 30, 1996, Saturday, International News, 827 words, Gulf alliance faces troubles as summit in peril: reports, Manama Agence France Presse, November 29, 1996, International news, 1200 words,
US links Saudi access to WTO to boycott of Israel: newspaper, WASHINGTON, Nov 29 Foreign Report, November 28, 1996, No. 2426, 144 words,
King Fahd's health Intelligence Newsletter, November 28, 1996, THREAT ASSESSMENT; FUNDAMENTALISM; N. 300, 627 words,
Bin Laden's Shadowy Empire The Record, November 28, 1996; THURSDAY; ALL EDITIONS, NEWS; Pg. A49, 1150 words,
EMPTY SAUDI CONCERT HALL SYMBOLIZES CLASH OF NEW, OLD, JOHN LANCASTER, Washington Post News Service, RIYADH, Saudi Arabia The Washington Times, November 28, 1996, Thursday, Final Edition, Part A; NEWS ANALYSIS; Pg. A1, 842 words,
Bomb probe could jolt U.S. policy in Mideast, Martin Sieff; THE WASHINGTON TIMES The Washington Times, November 25, 1996, Monday, Final Edition, Part A; Pg. A1, 850 words,
Hezbollah, Syria tied to Saudi bombing; U.S. investigators given limited role, Martin Sieff; THE WASHINGTON TIMES Agence France Presse, November 24, 1996, International news, 894 words,
World's biggest oil producer gets to grips with unemployment, Lachlan Carmichael DUBAI, Nov 24 THE DALLAS MORNING NEWS, November 24, 1996, Sunday, BULLDOG EDITION, NEWS; Pg. 26A, 1963 words,
Saudi royal family under pressure' as dissent rises, U.S. official says; Clerics increasingly question legitimacy of rulers despite ban on political discussions from mosques, Douglas Jehl, New York Times News Service, BURAIDA, Saudi Arabia Columbia Journalism Review, November 21, 1996, No. 4, Vol. 35; Pg. 49; ISSN: 0010-194X, 2343 words,
The kingdom and the power; television news in the Middle East, Franklin, Stephen The Daily Telegraph, November 21, 1996, Thursday, Pg. 10, 440 words, Arabia's big spender sells her treasures Forbes, November 18, 1996, FORBES FYI; Pg. 124, 1164 words,
So What's The Sultan Flying These Days?, BY STEPHAN WILKINSON Financial Times, November 16, 1996, Saturday, LONDON EDITION 1, NEWS: UK; Pg. 04, 449 words,
Saudi broadcaster may move to Wales Orbit confirms talks with Welsh Development Agency but denies reaching a decision:, By George Parker, Roland Adburgham and Raymond Snoddy Agence France Presse, November 15, 1996, International news, 587 words,
King Fahd's building plans shelved after legal battle, Gilles Laffon, GENEVA, Nov 15 International Herald Tribune, November 15, 1996, NEWS, 2000 words,
Fahd's Celebration of Riyadh Stays Shuttered by Saudi Clerics; A Center of Tension / The Lonely Concert Hall, John Lancaster, RIYADH Reuters World Service, November 15, 1996, Friday, BC cycle, 129 words,
Accord paves way for King Fahd home in Geneva, GENEVA, Nov 15 DAILY MAIL, November 13, 1996, Pg. 26, 3960 words, WHY DO YOU BRITISH FEAR MONEY?, Angela Lambert Fortune, November 11, 1996, FEATURES; Pg. 172, 4154 words,
TECHNO-HERO OR PUBLIC ENEMY?; JAMES BIDZOS OF RSA DATA SECURITY WANTS TO GO GLOBAL WITH A POTENT SHIELD AGAINST COMPUTER BREAK-INS. UNCLE SAM'S MOST SECRETIVE SPY AGENCY WANTS TO STOP HIM. AT STAKE IS THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND THE HEALTH OF THE U.S. SOFTWARE INDUSTRY., DAVID STIPP MEED Middle East Economic Digest, November 8, 1996, No. 45, Vol. 40; Pg. 29; ISSN: 0047-7230, 1721 words,
The winds of change blow more gently; Saudi Arabian economic reform; MEED Special Report: Saudi Arabia, Kemp, Peter Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, November 7, 1996, Thursday, SOONER EDITION, Pg. A-23, 751 words,
SAUDI SPIN CONTROL; INTRIGUE SURROUNDS THE INVESTIGATION OF THE JUNE 25 BOMBING OF U.S. TROOPS.; HERE'S A SCORECARD, THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN, WASHINGTON International Herald Tribune, November 06, 1996, NEWS, 2307 words,
Challenge to a Monarchy Festers Below the Surface; Saudi Militancy / Growing Dissent, Douglas Jehl, BURAIDA, Saudi Arabia Las Vegas Review-Journal (Las Vegas, NV), November 6, 1996 Wednesday, FINAL EDITION, B;, Pg. 15B, 718 words,
U.S. presence in Saudi Arabia is a ticking time bomb, David H. Hackworth International Herald Tribune, November 05, 1996, NEWS, 574 words,
Saudis Affirm They Aided U.S. Fully in Blast Inquiry, Douglas Jehl, RIYADH The New York Times, November 5, 1996, Tuesday, Late Edition - Final, Section A; Page 1; Column 1; Foreign Desk , 2100 words,
In Saudis' Heartland, Unrest Is Aimed at Rulers and U.S., By DOUGLAS JEHL , BURAIDA, Saudi Arabia Business Week, November 4, 1996, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS; MIDEAST; Number 3500; Pg. 58, 1303 words,
A DANGEROUS OIL HABIT, By John Rossant in Bahrain Rocky Mountain News, November 2, 1996, Saturday, NEWS/NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL; Ed. F; Pg. 52A, 614 words,
Saudis keeping U.S. in dark, FBI says Agency orders home its bombing investigators, saying the government's roadblocks are too many, Michael J. Sniffen; Associated Press, WASHINGTON Sacramento Bee, November 2, 1996, METRO FINAL, MAIN NEWS; Pg. A16, 920 words,
FBI ENDS ITS PROBE OF SAUDI BOMBING, Bee News Services, WASHINGTON Columbia Journalism Review, November 1996 /, December 1996, Vol. XXXV, No. 4; Pg. 49, 2342 words,
The Kingdom and the Power; The giant Saudi TV machine has the look of a free press. Even the BBC and the VOA bought in., by Stephen Franklin; Stephen Franklin is a reporter for the Chicago Tribune who has covered the Middle East and recently returned from an assignment there. USA TODAY, November 1, 1996, Friday, FINAL EDITION, MONEY;, Pg. 1B, 1672 words,
The trade-politics connection Critics question power-peddling in global market, Bill Montague The Washington Post, November 01, 1996, Friday, Final Edition, A SECTION; Pg. A28, 329 words,
Saudi Tension Could Reignite, John Lancaster, RIYADH, Saudi Arabia, Oct. 31 Sun-Sentinel (Fort Lauderdale, FL), October 31, 1996, Thursday, ALL EDITIONS, Pg. 19A, 724 words,
DEPENDENCE ON OIL IS COSTLY, DAVID H. HACKWORTH; King Features Syndicate Intelligence Newsletter, October 30, 1996, COMMUNITY WATCH; SAUDI ARABIA; N. 298, 534 words,
Bandar Pushes for Overhaul The Plain Dealer, October 27, 1996 Sunday, FINAL / ALL, SUNDAY; Pg. 4, 433 words,
THE PRINCE AND THE PUGILIST, By CHRISTOPHER EVANS; PLAIN DEALER REPORTER The Guardian, October 26, 1996, THE GUARDIAN HOME PAGE; Pg. 3, 1974 words
SPOTLIGHT: HAMILTONS' TANGLED WEB: SIR ARCHIE'S QUESTION OF JUDGMENT; Lucrative interests of ex-minister who decides fate of MP, David Hencke Westminster Correspondent The Times-Picayune, October 24, 1996 Thursday, FOURTH, METRO; Pg. B07, 746 words,
HELP WANTED, By Thomas Friedman, WASHINGTON The Observer, October 20, 1996, Sunday, THE OBSERVER BUSINESS PAGE; Pg. 7 1934 words,
MAMMON: GOING FOR A KILL BAE'S OTHER EUROFIGHTER, Antony Barnett The Independent, October 15, 1996, Tuesday, INTERNATIONAL; Page 12, 600 words,
Costa del Sol's image is tarnished by lead, Elizabeth Nash Madrid The Daily Telegraph, October 8, 1996, Tuesday, INTERNATIONAL; Pg. 16, 728 words,
Fast food, Arabian style ends an audience with Prince of all petitions Christopher Lockwood joins the guests at a Riyadh banquet Reuters World Service, September 30, 1996, Monday, BC cycle, 726 words,
FEATURE-In Saudi, issue is power, not succession, By Michael Georgy, DUBAI, Sept 30 Federal News Service, SEPTEMBER 25, 1996, WEDNESDAY, IN THE NEWS, 4471 words,
PREPARED STATEMENT OF F. GREGORY GAUSE III ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE THE UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS TESTIMONY ON "POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES IN SAUDI ARABIA AND THE OTHER GCC STATES" The Daily Telegraph, September 12, 1996, Thursday, FEATURES; Pg. 19, 950 words,
Gatecrashing the high fliers' club You no longer have to be fabulously rich to use a private plane. Lydia Slater reports Journal of Commerce, September 4, 1996, Wednesday, GLOBAL COMMERCE, Pg. 1C, 1428 words,
GREASING THE TRADING WHEELS, BRUCE BARNARD; JOURNAL OF COMMERCE STAFF Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony, September 4, 1996, Wednesday, CAPITOL HILL HEARING TESTIMONY, 6755 words,
TESTIMONY September 04, 1996 CHARLES B. CURTIS DEPUTY SECRETARY DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY SENATE ENERGY WEBWIRE-ABOLISH ENERGY DEPARTMENT The American Spectator, September, 1996, SPECTATOR'S JOURNAL, 1747 words,
Shah Arabia; Will the House of Saud go the way of the Pahlavis?, David Aikman; David Aikman is a former Time magazine foreign correspondent. Institutional Investor, September, 1996, International Edition, PEOPLE; Pg. 14, 198 words,
Saudi Arabia's $ 6 billion man, Wendy Cooper, with Rick Butler, David Fairlamb, Maggie Ford, Jeremy Gray, Susan Bigelow Hill, Richard House, Carolyn Koo, Kevin Muehring, Ed Paisley, Christopher Watts, Benjamin Woorliff Jane's Intelligence Review - Pointer, September 1, 1996, EUROPE/CIS ; Vol. 3; No. 9 ; Pg. 5, 590 words,
The National Guard and Saudi politics SAUDI ARABIA, James Bruce MEED Quarterly Report - Saudi Arabia, September 1996, Country Profile; Comment & Analysis; Pg. 1, 3294 words,
Political Outlook The Daily Telegraph, August 30, 1996, Friday, INTERNATIONAL; Pg. 14, 321 words,
Shia backlash puts Saudi regime under new threat The Washington Times, August 23, 1996, Friday, Final Edition, Part A; COMMENTARY; EDITORIALS; Pg. A22, 652 words,
Hold the sword The Plain Dealer, August 20, 1996 Tuesday, FINAL / ALL, NATIONAL; Pg. 2A, 909 words,
FRICTION ARISES IN U.S. RELATIONS WITH SAUDI ARABIA, By BOB DEANS; COX NEWS SERVICE, WASHINGTON International Herald Tribune, August 16, 1996, NEWS, 2040 words,
Threat to Saudi Monarchy Is Internal; But Radicals in Islamic Underground Target U.S. as Surrogate, Edward Cody, RIYADH International Herald Tribune, August 15, 1996, NEWS, 2227 words,
Terrorism: Much of It Is Paid For Privately, Jeff Gerth and Judith Miller, WASHINGTON International Herald Tribune, August 14, 1996, FINANCE, 1014 words,
Saudi Figure in BCCI Case Opens Counteroffensive, Peter Truell, NEW YORK The Times Union (Albany, NY), August 7, 1996, Wednesday, THREE STAR EDITION, Pg. A7, 1232 words,
How stable is the Saudi regime?, STEVE YETIV NPR, Weekly Edition, August 3, 1996, Transcript # 20-5, Package, News; International, 1337 words,
Saudi Government Keeps Tight Control Over Citizens, JAMEL EL-KASHOGGI, Correspondent, "El Heyat";ADEL JABAR, Spokesman,Saudi Government; Prince ABDULLAH BIN FAISAL; CURT GURNEY, Amnesty USA; ABDELLAH DEBAH, Member, Ajalas Al-Surah, ERIC WEINER The Jerusalem Post, Auguust 2, 1996, Friday, OPINION; Pg. 5, 2867 words,
 


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