" In fact a soldier on the march resembles a pack mule"
Pvt. Washington Ives 4^th Regt., Florida Volunteer Infantry

"We can get along without anything but food and ammunition. The road to glory can not be followed with too much baggage."
Brigadier General Richard S. Ewell, C.S.A., during Jackson's Valley Campaign, 1862.

". . . an army is efficient for action and motion exactly in the inverse ratio of its impedimenta."
General William T. Sherman, Memoirs, 1875

Reduced to its essentials, light marching order consists of leather accouterments, musket, haversack, canteen, tin 'dipper' or boiler, and a blanket roll. The American veteran infantryman of the 1860s, no matter what flag he fought for, was able to live tolerably, even comfortably with these essentials for months on campaign. It is just as possible for a reenactor to do so.

Haversack - Only food and eating utensils should be carried in the haversack, as that is its sole purpose - see last month's article on period rations (also an insert to the Handbook).. If you need to carry more items than will roll in a blanket or fit in your pockets, you need a knapsack.

• A tin plate ( a good one, not a pie plate) with a split green stick as a handle can double as a fry pan - likewise, a canteen half (which several merchants sell) was the veteran's answer to both a tin plate and a fry pan and adds a certain charm to your impression.

 
• Poke bags should be used to keep the different foods that you carry separate. Alternately, you can use brown paper.

 
• A small period jackknife for is essential for cutting meat and as a general camp tool.

 
• A good covered tin boiler or dipper (cup) will do you good for a coffee boiler ,stew pot, or to store leftovers.

Sleeping

• For clear, warm weather just lay your gum blanket down white side up to keep you off the ground.

• For wet weather construct a "she-bang" using your gum blanket and or shelter half. In wet weather it is a good idea to work with a pard, as then you can use one gum blanket to lay on the ground and the other as the shelter.

• In cold weather, sharing your blankets with a pard is the simplest way to stay warm. Lay one gum blanket down on the ground (preferably over some insulation, like straw), then lay one blanket down. Cover yourselves with remaining blankets & greatcoats and put the second gum blanket on top black side facing out to protect from a heavy dew. A flannel cap or a scarf wrapped around your head will help keep you warm (you lose a lot of body heat through your head). Obviously you are going to sleep near the fire. Veterans reported that they were more comfortable arranged like the spokes of a wheel, with their feet to the fire. Take your shoes off, but don't let them get too close to the fire (leather is skin, and it gets burns). Veterans often spoke of "sharing their blankets" and resorted to "spooning" during cold weather. The reality of their lives really points out the difference when you consider the "typical" heavy camping unit, where privates have a spacious tent, cot, boxes, carpet, lanterns, &c.

 

"It is necessary from time to time to inspect the baggage and force the men to throw away useless gear. I have frequently done this. One can hardly imagine all the trash they carry with them year after year. . . It is no exaggeration to say that I have filled twenty wagons with rubbish I have found in the review of a single regiment." Field Marshal Maurice, Comte de Saxe, My Reveries, 1732.

Both historic and modern experience shows that the infantryman kit should be light as possible. Look at all your gear that you drag to an event and just ask yourself if you really need it or not. Have you used it at the last three events you've been to?

Could you leave it in your car so that you'd have it if it suddenly became "essential?"

Experiment with blanket rolls. Put your kit on and adjust for comfort and remember - your traps should be worn high.
 

Sources (many of these are available in local public libraries)

John D. Billings, Hardtack and Coffee, (Lincoln, NE: Univ. Of Nebraska Press, 1993). Reprint in paperback.

Gregory A Coco, The Civil War Infantryman; In camp, on the march, and in battle, (Gettysburg, PA: Thomas, 1996).

Carlton McCarthy, Detailed Minutea of Soldier Life in the Army of Northern Virginia, 1861-1865 (Lincoln, NE: Univ. Of Nebraska Press, 1993). Reprint in paperback.

Sam R. Watkins"Co. Aytch" - A Side Show of the Big Show (reprinted Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot Publishing Co., 1987). Widely available in paperback.

Bell I. Wiley, The Life of Billy Yank (reprinted Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press, 1983)

Bell I. Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb (reprinted Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press, 1983)

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