c. 300 BC--Celtic tribes settle in Ireland. Also at about this time, the city of Axum is
founded on the coast of Ethiopia, partly by Sabaean settlers from Arabia. Axum will
grow rich by serving as a trade conduit between Hittite-controlled Kush and Egypt and
the Sabaean cities on the southern Arabian coast. Also at this time, the Kingdom of Hadramaut in southern Arabia also breaks free from Sabaean control.

300-280 BC--Campaigns of King Demetrius I “The Besieger” of Macedon. Demetrius
moves north and east, conquering Illyria, Thrace, Thessaly, and generally expanding the
Macedonian frontier northward to the line of the Ister (Danube) and Savus (Save) Rivers.
He also absorbs the Greek city states on the western shores of the Black Sea (which are
not allied to Hatti). Mindful of the fate of Phillip II, he avoids direct confrontation with
the Greek states allied to Hatti. He does intrigue with dissident elements in those cities,
trying to engineer coups aimed at bringing to power groups which will voluntarily forego
the alliance with Hatti in favor of an alliance with Macedon. He does not meet any great
success in this, but his efforts do cause a great deal of instability in the Greek polei to the
south of Macedon.

299 BC--Death of King Tudhaliyas VI of Hatti. He is succeeded by Zidanta III. Zidanta
is fortunate to have a relatively peaceful reign. Zidanta promotes trade with India and
points eastward from the recently gained Hittite ports on the Persian Gulf, and the Hittite
Empire prospers mightily during his reign.

298-290 BC--Third Samnite War. The Samnites abrogate their treaty with Rome and
once again declare war. They are joined by the Etruscans, Gauls, and Umbrians. The
allies are decisively defeated at the Battle of Sentinum in 295 BC, and never recover. By
290 BC, the Romans have forced all of the allies to make alliances with Rome.

296 BC--Zhongshan falls to the Chao state.

290 BC--the Mauryan king Bindusara, son of Chandragupta, extends the empire to the
Deccan.

289 BC--Agathocles of Syracuse dies. Pre-war division of Sicily resumes. 3rd Sicilian
War ends.

288 BC--King Chao-hsiang Wang of Chin and King Min of Chi are recognized as the
Western and Eastern Kings respectively. Also in this year, King Kurush (Cyrus) III of
Persia dies, and is succeeded by Xshayarsha (Xerxes) III.

287 BC: Last secession of the plebeians in Rome. As a result, the Lex Hortensia makes
plebiscites binding in Rome.

287-286 BC--King Xshayarsha III of Persia has pretensions to greatness, and decides to
attempt an invasion of India. But unfortunately for Persia, he is not as good a general as
he thinks he is, and his army is defeated by the forces of the Mauryan Emperor Bindusara.
Bindusara replies with an invasion of Persia, and captures portions of the Persian
provinces of Gedrosia, Arachosia, and Gandhara before Xshayarsha sues for peace.
Bindusara, who is faced with rebellions in some of his Indian provinces, agrees to a
treaty, and the war ends, with Mauryan annexation of the conquered provinces
recognized.

284 BC : Failed revolt of the Etruscan city of Arrezio against Rome.

280 BC : Fall of the Etruscan city of Vulci to the Romans. Roma issues coins for the first
time. And also in this year, King Zidanta III of Hatti dies. He is succeeded by Hantili III.

281-272 BC: Tarentine Wars. Rome has been pressuring the Greek city of Tarentum in
Southern Italy, and in 281, Tarentum pleas for assistance from King Pyrrhus of Epirus.
Epirus has been able to maintain it’s independence from Macedon by virtue of an alliance
with Hatti (it being one of the States who signed treaties with Hatti in the aftermath of
Chaeronea in 338 BC), and Pyrrhus has gained a reputation for military ability in various
campaigns. He agrees to the Tarentine offer, and in 280 arrives in south Italy with 35,000
men and 20 elephants. The Romans promptly lead an army against him and are heavily
defeated at Heraclea. Though victorious Pyrrhus loses 4,000 men, and when
congratulated for his victory, he comments bitterly that "another such victory will ruin
me" (hence the expression "Pyrrhic victory"). After this victory, the south Italian Greeks
(Italiotes), Lucanians and Samnites go over to Pyrrhus. He marches on Rome, perhaps
expecting to cow them into submission. He finds, however, that even if some of the
outlying Italian peoples are willing to desert the Romans, they can rely on the hardcore
support of the Latins and various other communities. In the absence of large-scale
defections, Pyrrhus can achieve nothing and withdraws to the south. In 279 he again wins
a costly victory against the Romans, losing another 3500 men. At this point he offers to
make peace if the Romans agreed to guarantee the independence of the Italiotes and the
Samnites. Rome rejects the offer. In the meanwhile the Carthaginians are close to
conquering the Greek communities of Sicily, and Pyrrhus crosses over to Sicily in 278 to
aid the Greeks there. Pyrrhus defeats the Carthaginians and forces them off the island,
leaving Lilybaeum as their only remaining stronghold. After throwing back the
Carthaginians, he returnes to Italy in late 276. In 275 two Roman armies guard against his
attack to the north. His surprise attack on one army fails and he withdraws to Tarentum to
avoid being encircled. At this point he goes back to Greece with most of his army, leaving
the Italiotes to their fate. The Greek cities, without military support from Pyrrhus, are
subdued by Rome and forced to sign treaties of alliance. Rome is now in effective
control of all of Italy.

279 BC--Celtic tribes from north of the Ister (Danube) invade Greece through Macedonia,
making it all the way south to the temple of Delphi, which is plundered. King Demetrius I
Poliorcetes of Macedon dies in battle with the Celts, and is succeeded by his son,
Antigonus II Gonatas. At the time of his death he was preparing an invasion of the
Hittite provinces in Anatolia, a project which his successor will continue with. Also in
this year, Chi defeats Han in the Battle of Jimo.

278 BC--Chin armies occupy the Chu capital at Ying, forcing the Chu Kingdom to move
its capital to Chen.

277 BC--Chin expansion into Hubei at the expense of the Chu state. Also in this year,
Antigonus II Gonatas of Macedon defeats the Gauls and drives them out of Greece. He is
now ready to resume his father’s plans for an invasion of Anatolia...

276-273 BC: War between Macedon and Hatti. In 276 BC, King Antigonus II Gonatas
launches the long-planned invasion of the Hittite provinces in Anatolia. King Hantili III
of Hatti leads an army to meet him, but unlike many of his illustrious forebears, is not a
very competent general, and Antigonus defeats him at the River Granicus. Hantili’s army
is routed, but the King escapes, and retreats from Anatolia into Syria to regroup and rally
his forces. Meanwhile, unopposed by any substantial Hittite force, Antigonus lays siege
to and captures the cities of Sardis and Gordium before the end of 274 BC, and advances
as far as Hattusas, where he lays siege to the city in early 275 BC. But he is still
besieging Hattusas when word arrives that Pyrrhus of Epirus (an ally of Hatti, but acting
for his own purposes rather than to succor his ally) has invaded Macedon. Antigonus is
forced to lift the siege and return to Macedon to oppose Pyrrhus, abandoning his gains in
Anatolia. Hantili, at the head of a new Hittite army, follows in the wake of the
Macedonian retreat, and by the end of 274 BC all the captured territories are reclaimed.
Hantili then (273 BC) launches a minor invasion of Macedon in support of Pyrrhus, but is
defeated by a Macedonian army under Crown Prince Demetrius near the city of
Byzantium, and retires to Anatolia without taking further part in the war. Hantili and
Antigonus agree on a peace treaty based on status quo antebellum shortly afterward,
ending the war between the two kingdoms.

274-272 BC--Antigonus II Gonatas, having returned to Macedon from Anatolia, defends
Macedon from the onslaught of Pyrrhus of Epirus. Several inconclusive battles are
fought before Pyrrhus is finally killed in 272 BC. Antigonus has successfully defended
his kingdom, but his forces are severely weakened. He will be in no condition to commit
foreign aggression for a while.

273 BC--Foundation of the first Roman colony in Etruscan territory.

273 BC onward--Hantili III of Hatti sponsors building projects in many of the cities of the
empire. Temples and government buildings in cities as disparate as Hattusas, Sardis, and
Gordium (which required repair due to the recent war), as well as Babylon, Memphis,
Thebes, Damascus, Jerusalem, and Napata (which did not see damage from the war) are
renovated and expanded. As a result of these efforts, Hantili will go down in history as
“Hantili the Builder”...a name he would no doubt far prefer to the sobriquet of “Hantili
the Feckless,” which he endured through most of his reign as a result of his defeats in the
war against Macedon.

270 BC--Death of King Xshayarsha (Xerxes) III of Persia. He is succeeded by
Artaxshassa (Artaxerxes) IV. Artaxerxes is a relatively weak ruler, and the empire begins
to break down during his reign, as local satraps exert more and more power and
independence from the throne.

269 BC--Death of the Mauryan Emperor Bindusara. He is succeeded by his son, Ashoka.
Ashoka will conquer almost all of south India, bringing almost the entire subcontinent
under Mauryan rule.

270-266 BC: Rome at war with Umbrians and Etruscans. Rome is victorious.

269-263 BC--King Alexander II of Epirus, son of Pyrrhus, once again invades Macedon.
Taking advantage of the weakened condition of the Macedonian army, he succeeds in
conquering most of the country and holding it for almost twelve years, but is finally
defeated by a Macedonian army under Demetrius, son of King Antigonus Gonatas, in 264
BC, and forced to retreat back to Epirus. Antigonus and Demetrius quickly re-establish
control over the whole of the Macedonian Empire.

265–264 BC--Fall and destruction, by the Romans, of Volsinii, the last independent
Etruscan city.

264-241 BC--First Punic War. Rome and Carthage support opposite sides in a war
between the Greek cities of Sicily, leading Rome to invade the island. Carthage declares
war on Rome, and a vicious struggle lasting over 20 years is the result. Rome is
victorious, largely because of it's invention of the corvus...which allows Roman marines
to board enemy ships and capture them. Carthage's naval power is broken, and it's armies
are forced to surrender through lack of re-supply. In a humiliating treaty, Carthage is
forced to surrender all of it's territories in Sicily and Sardinia to Rome.

261 BC--Death of King Hantili III of Hatti. He is succeeded by Suhis Tesub IV. Also in
this year, King Antigonus II Gonatas of Macedon attempts to force Athens into
submission, but Athens appeals to King Suhis Tesub IV of Hatti for aid. King Suhis
Tesub sends an army to stand with the Athenians, and Antigonus is defeated near Plataea.
He retreats to Macedon, and agrees to guarantee the independence of Athens (and other
Greek cities allied to Hatti).

260 BC--Battle of Changping in which Chin defeats Chao.

259 BC--Chin starts its siege of Handan, the Chao capital. Also in this year, Mauryan
king Ashoka, grandson of Chandragupta, converts to Buddhism and sends out Buddhist
missionaries to nearby states. He does not attempt to make Buddhism the state religion,
however...Hindu zealotry is still alive and well in India, and he knows he would face
major rebellions if he tried anything like that.

258 BC--Birth of Ying Cheng, future First Emperor of China.

257 BC--The Chin army is forced to raise the seige of Handan, capital of the Chao state.

256 BC--To avert immediate annexation, the Chou state offers lands to the Chin state.
The Dujiang Ditch and the Cheng ditch are built. Also at this time, Doung Voung (Thuc
Phan) unifies the tribes of Vietnam and creates the kingdom of Auc Lac with his capital
at Phuc An.

255 BC--Death of King Suhis Tesub IV of Hatti. He is succeeded by Mursili IV. King
Mursili IV is more focused on internal Hittite politics than on foreign affairs, and not as
much of a Graecophile as many of his forebears.

253-240 BC--Civil War in Persia. King Artaxshassa (Artaxerxes) IV of Persia dies in
253 BC without heirs, and upon his death a seven-year civil war breaks out as various
claimants vie for the throne. Finally, one of the rival claimants, a prince named
Darayavahush (Darius), pays Tiridates, king of the Parni (who had recently arrived in the
Satrapy of Parthia, where they had declared their independence), to intervene on his side.
The Parni intervention proves decisive, and Darayavahush defeats the other claimants
within a year and assumes the throne of Persia as king Darayavahush IV. But
Darayavahush doesn’t like being beholden to the chieftain of a rough tribe of nomads,
and so he tries to have Tiridates poisoned shortly after taking the throne in 240 BC. He
fails, and Tiridates overthrows him and takes the crown for himself. Tiridates marries a
princess of the Achaemenid line, then ruthlessly seeks out and murders all the remaining
Achaemenid claimants for the throne, ending the Achaemenid Dynasty.

251 BC--Ashoka's son Mahinda introduces Buddhism to Ceylon (Sri Lanka).

250 BC--Prince Zichu ascends the throne of Chin as King Chuang-hsing Wang. Also at
about this time, Buddhists carve the first cave temples (Lomas Rishi), and the Greek
scientist Archimedes is active at Syracuse, and China repels an invasion by the
turkic-speaking Hsiung-nu (Huns).

c. 250 BC--The Parni (a nomadic Indo-Iranian tribe which originally lived north of the
Aral Sea), lead by their aged chieftain, Arsaces (founder of the Arsacid Dynasty), invade
the Persian satrapy of Parthia (in northern Iran) and settle there, taking advantage of the
chaos caused by the ongoing Persian Civil War to enter without resistance. Also at this time, the southern Arabian Kingdom of Sheba conquers the Minaean Empire and most of Qataban. Sheba is once again the most powerful kingdom in southern Arabia.

249 BC--The realm of the Eastern Chou is annexed by the Chin, marking the end of the
Chou Dynasty.

248 BC--Antigonus II Gonatas of Macedon invades and conquers Epirus, despite the
alliance of that country with Hatti. King Mursili IV of Hatti protests, but does nothing
else. Antigonus is emboldened by this lack of action on the part of the Hittites.

246 BC--Death of King Chuang-hsing Wang. Ying Cheng ascends the throne of Chin at
13 years of age. Commencement of work on Ying Cheng's tomb at Mount Li.

245 BC--In Parthia, the new king of the Parni, Tiridates, revolts against the rule of the
Achaemenid Persian Empire. Parthia is established as an independent kingdom.

245-244 BC--Emboldened by the lack of Hittite response to his annexation of Epirus,
Antigonus II Gonatas of Macedon once again attempts to force the states of southern
Greece into submission, and declares war on Athens. But this repeated aggression by
King Antigonus finally awakens King Mursili IV of Hatti to the danger posed by
Macedon, and he sends a large army (under the command of his younger brother, who is a
much better general than Mursili ever dreamt of being) to the succor of Athens.
Antigonus is initially successful, defeating the combined Athenian and Hittite army south
of Thermopylae, in restricted terrain where the superior Hittite cavalry cannot be usefully
employed. But when he pursues the defeated allies south, he finds them drawn up on the
plain near Plataea, where he met defeat before (in 261 BC). Despite his own misgivings,
he accepts battle at this site. With enough open space to operate effectively, the Hittite
cavalry routs the Macedonian cavalry and then takes the Macedonian infantry phalanx in
the flank and rear. The Macedonian Phalanx is broken, and Antigonus himself is killed.
The allies pursue the Macedonians back to the pass of Thermopylae, and then halt their
pursuit. Demetrius, the son of Antigonus and new king of Macedon, immediately sues
for peace, and once again guarantees the independence of Athens and the other Greek
states allied to Hatti. He also agrees to pay an indemnity to Athens and Hatti. These
terms are accepted in 244 BC, and the war ends.

240-200 BC--The new Parthian dynasty in Persia is consolidating it’s rule, putting down
revolts among the Medes, Persians, Bactrians, and other native peoples of the Empire. By
the end of the century the Parthian dynasty is firmly established.

241-237 BC--Civil War in Carthage. Hamilcar Barca, a brilliant general and statesman,
emerges as virtual dictator in Carthage.

241 BC--Roman destruction of the Etruscan city of Falerii.

239 BC--King Demetrius II of Macedon, mindful of the fates of Phillip II and his own
father, Antigonus II Gonatas, resumes his grandfather’s policy of avoiding direct
confrontation and weakening Hittite influence by intriguing with dissident elements in the
Greek polei to the south. His efforts will eventually bear fruit, when he gains the support
of King Cleomenes III of Sparta..

236 BC onward--Carthage invades and conquers most of the Iberian Peninsula. Hamilcar
Barca does this to provide Carthage with an empire to compensate it for the one lost in
the first Punic War, as well as to gain a base from which to eventually launch a war of
revenge against Rome.

235 BC--Cleomenes III comes to the throne of Sparta. Cleomenes, like the rulers of
Sparta before him, opposes the influence of Hatti in Greece, and begins intriguing with
King Demetrius II of Macedon. He aims to restore Sparta’s pre-eminence in Greece at
any price...

232 BC--The Indian Emperor Ashoka dies.

232-187 BC--At the death of Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire in 232 BC, disputes break out among his sons over the succession, and the empire begins to break down. The final collapse does not occur until 187 BC, when the last Mauryan Emperor is assassinated.

230 BC--Chin conquest of the Han state.

229 BC--229 BC--Death of King Mursili IV of Hatti. He is succeeded by Kushtashpi II.
Kushtashpi will emulate the achievements of his great grandfather, Hantili “the Builder,”
and will sponsor construction projects throughout the empire. He is also a great patron of
learning, and will establish the Royal Library at Hattusas, which will eventually collect
over 200,000 volumes containing the science, philosophy, and religious thought of much
of the world. Also in this year, King Demetrius II of Macedon dies. He is succeeded by
Antigonus III. Antigonus continues his father’s policies and stipends to King Cleomenes
III of Sparta.

228 BC--Chin annexation of the Chao state. Also in this year, Hamilcar Barca dies in
battle in Hispania, and is succeeded by his brother, Hasdrubal Barca. Hasdrubal
continues his brother's policies in Hispania and vis-a-vis Rome.

227 BC--Cleomenes III of Sparta engineers a coup. Four of the five Ephors are killed,
and Cleomenes deposes his colleague king, Archidamus V. Cleomenes then institutes a
social revolution in Sparta...dividing the land into 4000 lots, and redistributing it not only
to Spartan citizens, but also to perioikoi and hypomeinones. He thus effectually expands
the military base of the Spartan state, which is open only to landowners. He is also
secretly receiving a stipend from King Antigonus III of Macedon, which he uses to
re-organize the Spartan army on the Macedonian model. Sparta is once again ready to
march...

226-215 BC--Wars of Cleomenes III of Sparta. In a series of campaigns lasting over a
decade, King Cleomenes III of Sparta conquers all of the Peloponnesus, including the
cities of Argos and Corinth. Although most of the cities involved are allies of Hatti, the
treaty of alliance with Hatti is specifically against Macedonian aggression, and the Great
King of Hatti does not intervene in what he views as an “internal Greek affair.”

225 BC--Chin conquest of the Wei state.

c. 225 BC--The Celts in the west and the Sarmatians in the east overwhelm the Scythian
tribes (who live in the Danube basin and the area north or the Black Sea). The Scythians
disappear from history as a separate people.

223 BC--Chin annexation of the Chu state.

222 BC--Chin conquest of the Yan state.

221 BC--The last feudal state in China, Chi, is conquered by Chin. King Ying Cheng is
now ruler of all China. He assumes the title of Shihuangdi, “The First Emperor.”
Shihuangdi initiates several important reforms, including abolition of feudalism and the
centralization of power in the form of a non-hereditary bureaucracy loyal to himself;
division of the empire into 36 commanderies, which are sub-divided into prefectures and
counties; the standardization throughout China of written language, currency, weights
and measures, and the legal code. To deter rebellion against his regime, he orders the
confiscation of weapons, which are to be melted down to form bells and giant statues.
Also at his order, the joining of the various defensive walls built by the former Warring
States begins, under General Meng Tian....this will become, eventually, the first version
of the Great Wall of China. Also in this year General Meng Tian defeats the Hsiung-Nu
(later to be known to history as the Huns) and drives them northward. Also in this year,
King Antigonus III of Macedon dies, he is succeeded by Phillip IV.

221-210 BC--Meng Tian of China initiates campaigns against Rong & Di barbarians.

220 BC--The Maurya dynasty under Ashoka's son Bindusara expands to almost all of
India. Also in this year, the Hsiung-nu defeat the Yuezhi, who are forced to move south
towards Iran and India.

219 BC--Hasdrubal Barca dies, and is succeeded by Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barca.

218 BC-202 BC--The Second Punic War. In 218 BC, Hannibal Barca precipitates the
Second Punic War when he attacks the Roman client city of Saguntum. As in OTL,
Hannibal leads his army across the Alps and invades Italy, inflicting numerous defeats on
the Romans over a period of fifteen years, but never able to capture Rome itself and put
an end to the war. And, although Phillip IV of Macedon signs a treaty of alliance with
Hannibal in 216 BC, the Macedonians do not intervene effectively, preferring to let the
Carthaginians do most of the dying and then, hopefully, pick up the pieces afterward. In
the meantime, Roman armies defeat those of Carthage in Spain, and then Scipio
Africanus invades Carthaginian territory in Africa itself, where, aided by the defection of
King Masinissa of Numidia (who brought over to the Roman side the best cavalry in the
Carthaginian army), he is finally able to defeat Hannibal himself at the Battle of Zama in
202 BC. Carthage is given harsh peace terms...1) The immediate territory of Carthage in
Africa would remain free, but the rest was to be ceded to Masinissa of Numidia; 2)
Carthage would totally withdraw from Spain and Gaul; 3)All elephants were to be ceded
to the Romans; 4) Carthage could keep only ten warships; 5) Carthage could not make
war without Roman consent; and 6) Carthage would pay 10,000 talents in 50 annual
installments. Carthage is a broken power.

217 BC--Death of King Kushtashpi II of Hatti. He is succeeded by Suppiluliuma V.
Suppliluliuma continues his father’s projects, and for the most part, does not seek to
expand the Hittite Empire. But the Hittites prosper during the period of peace which
characterizes most of his rule.

216 BC--Philip IV of Macedonia allies with Hannibal of Carthage. This action causes a
break with King Cleomenes III of Sparta, who opposes Macedonian involvement in the
struggle with Rome and fears Sparta may be drawn into the war. But by this time,
Cleomenes is firmly established as ruler of the Peloponnesus, and the loss of Macedonian
support does not unduly impact his plans.

215 BC onward--Cleomenes III of Sparta extends the Spartan social revolution to the
other cities of the Peloponnesus, redistributing land, breaking the power of wealthy
landowners and elevating many lower class elements to power. He also grants the new
landowners in the recently annexed areas a form of citizenship in the Spartan state,
allowing their cities a good deal of local autonomy and a seat on the new Council of
Ephors which he creates in 210 BC, in return for military service. And, unlike previous
Spartan leaders, he does not actively oppose democracy in the various cities under his
rule, at least so far as local government is concerned, which increases his popularity in the
conquered regions yet further. In the process he binds the people of the conquered
territories ever more closely to Sparta, and succeeds where his ancestors had always
failed...in creating a unified state out of the disparate polei of the Peloponnesus.

213 BC--Chinese Emperor Shihuangdi outlaws all schools of thought except the legalist
one and buries alive 346 scholars.

212-210 BC--In the one instance where King Suppiluliuma acts to expand the Hittite
Empire, Hittite armies move east from Kush to annex the new state of Axum, which is
accomplished by 210 BC. Thus is eliminated what Suppliluliuma considers to be an
unnecessary middle-man in the trade between his empire and the cities of the Arabian
coast.

211 BC--Death of King Tiridates of the Parthia. He is succeeded by Artabanus I.

210 BC--Shihuangdi, the First Emperor of China, dies of mercury poisoning and is buried
in a colossal tomb near Xian, surrounded by thousands of terracotta soldiers. He is
succeeded by Ershihuangdi (“Second Emperor”).

209-202 BC--Civil war in China. In 209 BC, the Chinese Empire falls apart as peasant
revolts break out in the former state of Chu, and the heirs of the former feudal lords of the
states of Chi, Yan, Han, Wei and Chao also rise in rebellion. The Chin emperor,
Ershihuangdi, is unable to put down the uprisings, and is finally captured and forced to
commit suicide by the Duke of Chao in 207 BC. In 206 BC, Duke Chang Yu of the state
of Chu captures and executes the rest of the imperial family, ending the Chin dynasty.
But it is Duke Liu Pang of the state of Han who in 202 BC finally defeats his rivals,
including Chang Yu, and reunifies China. Liu Pang takes the throne as the Emperor Kao
Tsu of China, beginning the Han Dynasty.

207 BC--King Trieu Da reigns over the Nam Viet kingdom (northern Vietnam) with his capital at Fan-yu. In this year he subdues the Au Lac kingdom (southern Vietnam). The Trieu dynasty will reign over Nam Viet from 207 to 111 BC.

206 BC--The kingdom of the Nam Viet dynasty extends from Vietnam to Canton.

205 BC--Death of King Cleomenes III of Sparta. He is succeeded by Agesipolis III.
Agesipolis continues his predecessor’s policies, furthering the unification of the
Peloponnesus into a single state.

200 BC--Mao-tun unites the Huns (Hsiung-nu) in Central Asia around Lake Baikal and
southeastern Mongolia. The Hsiung-nu conquer northern and western China. Also at
about this time, the Mahabarata is composed in India, and the Andhras occupy the Indian
east coast.