Paper 2 :   
Lichens
Written by Ramin Amir mardfar
      

            Paper 3



Discussion on classification rule produced this result that developed animates, both animals and plants, are composing form simple-multi cell animates. i.e., animals and developed plants need some simple-multi cell animate to come into existence to gather in a class and create a developed multi cell animate. It's receivable a kind of coexistence setting initial animates beside each other. i.e., they live beside each other to profit by each other and they climb a step of steps of world's classification rule with this to existence life, and cause organizing a more complex stage, named developed animate, without having information themselves.
The first sample of symbiosis among single animates are lichens. Now, scientists have proved that lichens are creatures which come to existence by gathering and symbiosis of two or more single animates. The ingredients of this group are algae and funguses. Lichens have different species. The kind and number of symbion algae and fungus in a group specifies the species of the lichen. As this is the case with molecules. For example, two atom of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen beside produce a molecule of water. An "A" algae with a "B" fungus gather in a class and produce a lichen called "AB". "D" algae with a "P" fungus in a group, produce "DP" lichen. Even in some of the lichens more than one algae and fungus participates.
For example, a "D" algae with two kinds of "P"&"B" funguses produce "DBP" lichen. So, we see that the production of a new species lichen is so esy and it does not need evolution and passing millions years. It is only sufficient an algae and fungus settle together and meet the needs of one another until a new lichen is produced. Of course do not forget that the environment changes are very important to it. "A" fungus or an algae is not inclined to bear a partner beside it, but the invironmental chandes and life shortage cause this symbiosis. For example, as long as an algae could obtain water and minerals algone, it does not live close another creature, but in the conditions of water shortage, it is compelled to become symbionic with a fungus. At this time, this two single creatures assemble in a group and meet the needs of one another, at this moment they rise one stair of the stairs of classification principle and produce a new complicated group whichis lichen itself. We can not say that lichen is not an independent creature, but they are two creatures live together. So we would say that H2O is not an independent molecule but it consist of two atoms beside together. All of us accept that this is a molecule of water with its specifications, hens we should accept that this is lichen species, not algae and fungus beside each other. It is interesting that some time scientists did not accept that lichens are produced by the symbiosis of two or more single creatures and they maintained that lichens were part of plants.
Therefore we have a full-cellular cellular creature which is produced by single ingredients. And we result that: simpler ingredients are classified to meet their need.
Is this principle the case with previous stairs? For example electrons, neutrons and protons together form an atom. Do they meet the needs of each other? Are they symbion? We know that a neutron does not live out of an atom freely and soon it decomposes and disappears. But within an atom it can live millions years. therefore we see that a neutrons exploits the the symbiosis with electrons and proton as well as forming an atom, preventing of its disappearance. When two atoms or more accumulate and from a molecule, the atoms fill the empty orbital and they are more permanent than the free case of atoms. An atom dose not become symbion with any atom. It becomes symbion with desired atom which can fill capacity layers. We also see that ingredients of this group benefit the accumulation, so it be called a symbionic life.
Cellular organs accumulate and produce a cell. In a herbal cell there is a symbion called chloroplast. This organelle obtains the organic materials necessary for it and other symbionic organelles by photosynthesis. Instead it gains necessities from other organs. In a animal cell that this organelle isn't symbiosis, all of the organelles of cell are forced that acquire necessary organic materials from the environment around itself. Any cell that has mitochondrion, this organelle does metabolism and energy production and instead, it acquires necessary materials from other organelles. Symbiosis life is useful for mitochondrion unless, it was preferring free life. Participating with mitochondrion is useful to other organs, because it breathe easily and produced much energy to them, so that if they dose not become symbion with organ, they will have to get energy by fermentation. Similarly, red blood cells which the organelle of  mitochondrion is not its member and red blood cells gain energy by fermentation.
Therefore the principle of symbiosis and benefiting the ingredints from each other is the case with all stais. So far we have obtained three important principles:
1) Principle of classification: Simple ingredients accumulate and produce complicated ingredients. This complicated ingredients in turn accumulate and produce other more complicated ones. This process occurs stage by staye so that very complicated ingredients are produced.
2) Priniciple of the ingredients' independence: The ingredients of any group have the independent power in this condition or had in the past condition.
3) Principle of symbiosis: Ingredients accumulate in a group to meet each other's needs, benefit one another and to be permanent.
 

Paper 3  

             Book 1: Relationship between Gravity and Evolution

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