Pharmacology of the Cardiovascular and Central Nervous Systems

41.    Digoxin:

a.     slows ventricular rate and atrial fibrillation.

b.     increases ventricular automaticity in toxic doses.

c.     prolongs P-R interval on the ECG. 

d.     improves cardiac efficiency in cardiac failure.

42.    Loop diuretics:

a.     produces a peak diuresis far greater than that observed with other diuretics.

b.     have an onset of action longer than one hour.

c.     can produce toxicity especially when administered with an aminoglycoside.

d.     can enhance the nephrotoxicity of cephalosporins.

43.    Renin:

a.     converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

b.     release can be reduced by propranolol.

c.     inhibits release of aldosterone.

d.     is a peptide secreted by the juxtaglomerular granular cells in the afferent and efferent arterioles of the nephron. 

44.   Spironolactone increases the urinary excretion of sodium:

a.      inhibition of aldosterone dependent sodium reabsorption.

b.      inhibition of aldosterone secretion.

c.      inhibiting sodium-potassium exchange at distal tubule directly.

d.      increasing renal blood flow.

45.    Carbamazepine:

a.      is effective in trigeminal neuralgia.

b.      is the treatment of choice in petit mal seizures.

c.      induces its own metabolism.

d.      causes folate and Vitamin D deficiency.

46.    Frusemide:

a.      acts mainly on the ascending loop of Henle.

b.      has a half-life of a few days.

c.      increase risk of nephrotoxicity with gentamicin.

d.      given iv in the management of acute pulmonary edema.

47.    Halothane:

a.      causes respiratory irritation.

b.      is soluble in blood, more so than nitrous oxide.

c.      is hepatotoxic.

d.      undergoes mainly hepatic metabolism.

48.    Adverse effects of phenothiazine derivatives are:

a.      Parkinsonian-like tremor.

b.      postural hypotension.

c.      blurring of vision.

d.      mental confusion.

49.    Chlorpromazine:

a.      undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism when taken orally.

b.      inhibits drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver.

c.      has a plasma half-life of greater than 24h.

d.      has several active metabolites.

50.    L-dopa:

a.      is hydrolyzed to dopamine.

b.      unlike dopamine, can cross the blood-brain barrier.

c.      is used in Parkinson's Disease.

d.      metabolism is inhibited by carbidopa in the peripheral tissues.

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