© Copyright 1995, R.Lanigan-O'Keeffe, Sydney Australia. Not for copying without permission.

Return to Table of Contents
Return to HOME PAGE
Forward to Chapter Eighteen
Return to Chapter Sixteen

Late-Nineteenth Century scientists (who should have known better,) stated publicly the "there was nothing more to be discovered in the Sciences". But when there was something new, many did not use their intellects to seek out, or use the correct word, or to create a new word to describe the discovery or concept, for again and again, a "stuck-in-a-rut-mentality" is observed. Verbose descriptive languages, such as English, were not used properly, for often, the same word is used over-and-over-again to portray totally different ideas, mechanisms and processes. Commonly used nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives, infer that many diverse and unrelated, events and effects have common roots. The word "polarization" and its derivatives, typify the problem, where thinking people have related a wonderful definition to absolutely different situations and all manner of event, due to expedience, laxity or appearance. "Polarize" should only refer to one thing, having a precise polarized definition. Non-related events and effects require unique definitions owing to the different mechanisms and proceses involved. Unfortunately, the observed phenomena is branded under the same all-encompassing polarizing label. Polarization can refer to optical filters; the poles and field of a magnet; the electrical terminals of a battery; the electrical status; the current passing through a semiconductor; the electric field and charged bodies; the alignment of chemicals; the direction of a molecular field; the slowing of a chemical reaction; the failure of a power cell; a precise and unchanging attitude; propaganda; fixing of or a fixed-mind-set; a popular brand of sun-glasses, etc. This listing covers some of the non-polarized definitions for the term, polarization. The mathematics prove the described events are different.

This is not an exercise in semantics, for this discussion aims to polarise a problem in seeking out a solution. A person's mental state or thought processing polarizes beliefs, concepts, knowledge, integrity and this may alter the actions of others. Polarized attitudes exist in all the sciences, imposing limits, restricting research, discouraging, hindering and prohibiting original thought. The speed of light identifies one such example where a polarized education and propaganda both set and maintain the mind-set, where the definition creates a belief-based-inertia, the established way, for people become blind to truth as creatures of habit. As the mind-set becomes fixed through laxity, expedience and fear, where emotions take control developing prejudice, intolerance, fanaticism and resistance to all change. Dire consequences eventuate when emotions are compromised, with the truth or some alternate philosophy. Because the brain is severely injured by the acceptance of misguided beliefs, a person's actions and responses are not always logical. People still vote for liars, fools and thieves.

Perhaps the most execrated word in the author's vocabulary is the term "ionization", often related to gaining or losing an electron, however, many processes implicate ionization when ionization is not guilty, and was not involved at the time. Because the term "ionization" is used and accepted, as if it applies universally, creating a false belief through association, implying a common mechanism. This is enforced through education. Ionization does not have a unique definition, and is often used as superfluous extensions for polarization, fluorescence, chemical activity, and static electricity. What process is actually responsible for each form of ionization?

A glowing gas in a discharge tube is a consequence of "ionization" due to high voltages. In the atmosphere, aurora displays are formed by the ionization of air due to solar activity. Materials in the ionosphere are ionized by radiation. Around an aerial, the air ionizes due to rapid intense magnetic and electric field reversals. Chemical reactions cause ionization in a flame or in a liquid when chemicals form a solution or when chemicals react. Particles travelling faster than the speed of light produce an ionization called Cherenkov radiation. The ionized atmosphere produces high charges that lead to lightning where the spark ionizes the atmosphere. St. Elmo's Fire develops as dry wind passes over an insulated mast or a tree, the surrounding air glows. Fire balls (associated with lightning storms) occur when similarly charged dust particles group together (defying Physics), causing the air to fluoresce. As light strikes an object the photo-electric effect ionizes the surface material. Friction causes an ionization in a meteor's trail. Some of these claimed ionization processes have already been challenged and attributed to other mechanisms throughout this work, such as resonance, reverberations, pumping and bucket-brigade activity.

Great care must be taken, for the adoption of the wrong environment, frame of reference, tools, apparatus, calibrations, arguments, systems, mechanisms, modules, procedures, processes, logic, error statements, number scales, descriptions and misinterpretation through misleading use of results, can prove disastrous to one's credibility, just as can accepting invalid beliefs, or in using mathematics to prove a fallacy as being the truth. Such action is disastrous to both the credibility of the self and the Science. To create a Universe of certainties, it is necessary to separate facts derived experimentally from the speculations spawned through misguided belief, logic and foundation errors.

Unfortunately, it has been necessary to bridge the old and new atomic models together, to use "conventional terms", over-and-over-again. This has been with great apprehension and reservation, since many explanations give credence to historical illusions and pseudo-sciences based on an unnatural-complex-sophisticated-view of Nature. The use of old concepts to explain the new is getting far too difficult, because the two models of Science are becoming more divergent. There is a big distinction between the mechanical atom and that voiced through Quantum Mechanics. The mechanical atom refers to electrons being blown-off and fluorescence as a function of resonance. Quantum Mechanics, refers to electrons changing orbital levels and electrons being exchanged during ionization, using the proof of uncertainty, to show that both processes apply at the same time. The mechanical atomic model will not accept orbital altitude changes as a means of ionization, because it can be proven from current information and data, supplied by Quantum Mechanics and Chemistry, that there are no electron orbitals.

Irrespective of what model of the atom is used, the actual experimental data must hold true for the atomic model, in fact, the atomic model must be able to predict the experimental results when chemical or nuclear contingencies are considered. Only the correct atomic model will explain all things and allow accurate predictions to be made about matter, including the spectrum, reaction energy, magnetic and optical properties, density, crystal structure and shape, stability and all the attributes that such molecules exhibit in all environmental conditions. In Quantum Mechanics there are some good ideas, concepts and insights that cross the boundary into the real world, that is, into Nature's Physics and Chemistry. When applied to the mechanical atom, these fit. However, the diversity of ionization effects demands that distinctions be made between chemical activity, electron exchange, conductivity, heating, reverberations, resonances and nuclear events.

Resonance produces the Balmer series with Hydrogen, where the ionization, (the removal of the electron,) does not need to occur. As the Hydrogen atom has only one electron and one proton, the loss of an electron would mean that the proton would escape into the environment. In the real world, three totally different mechanisms are responsible. An impact will cause the Hydrogen molecule to ring-like-a-bell. The molecular magnetic loop field can be made to pulsate, giving rise to a transmission in the various regions of the spectrum depending on the impact force. Then magnetic throughput changes when applied to one individual Hydrogen atom in the molecule, will change its spin, loading the atom causing the other atom in the molecule to follow suite through a motor coupling between the components. If too much energy is added, the change in spin may cause the magnetic chemical bonds to break, since the atoms are not resonating at the same frequency. If one atom is carrying an excess negative charge, the atom is loaded, so the spin changes the overall magnetic field, and this will alter the molecules magnetic resonance coupling and its alignment. This form of throughput resonance is totally different to the mechanical resonance of the atom.

Much of the current nano-technology used by scientists to push and move atoms about, is calibrated to standards obtained from the experimental results. Despite the fact that the underlying theory and explanations are wrong, the calibration standards (with the exception of temperature) are generally true. Nature makes Science look foolish because illusions and tricks of Nature are accepted as truths. Any description of Nature must use the key words, efficiency, duplication, equilibrium and simplicity. Sophistication in Nature comes from one word, "duplication". The principle underlying all of Nature is that Nature does simple things and duplicates these things over-and-over-again. In her very being Nature is crystalline, where simple modules interact. One does not need the sophistication or the knowledge of the scientist to appreciate the fundamental workings of Nature, to understand the mechanics, the processes or the mathematics. Just as multiplication involves adding one number to itself a certain number of times, Nature adds one element to another element over-and-over-again, as replications of successful processes. Nature also replicates mistakes over-and-over-again. Subsequently, elements and isotopes formed, where some survived and others simply fell-apart. Just as an isotope can fail, so can an object the size of a galaxy. But some experimental failures work. Nature evolved through trial and error, refining the smallest things in the Universe, the final products being the things that matter, things that work, and from this, the Universe grew. The Universe is alive, a living entity. Life forms, like humanity are not unique. Nature put this planet in the correct position where numerous Carbon based life forms began and evolved through natural processes.

The elpron and neutron layers of the atom are specific to the design. To remove a firmly fixed electron from an elpron requires mechanical energy being added to the system through a savage impact, acceleration or another means (like extreme agitation) to plunder the electron from the proton's hold. When any event causes an atom to wobble, twist, ring, vibrate, resonate, impact, compress, deform, cleave, shatter, or to coalesce, the active energy-forms are mechanical and rotational. Mechanical energy makes things move and can be converted to and from, available energy. Energy is stored in each atom through rotation, be it as gyroscopic or movement, where magnetic field changes alter the chemical bonds between matter. The currently accepted covalent and ionic chemical bonds are quasi-nuclear, in that two or more atoms are intimately and magnetically inter-connected. Some 15 to 20 basic chemical bond structures are magnetically possible. Changes in the magnetic field of one atom will cause other matter to move, resonate and reverberate passing this change to other matter, producing Mechanical energy effects. Subsequently, many mechanisms and processes are involved in the propagation, absorption, rejection and transmission of energy, to alter and change the environment. Ionization has been wrongfully used to describe and discuss many unrelated mechanical effects, from chemical bonding to all those processes where there is an emission of light or the discharge of electricity. To label everything as ionization is wrong.

The mechanisms of impact and absorption explain-away many ionization claims. Fluorescent processes do not mean or imply ionization. Depending on the magnitude and form of the mechanical energy, conversion processes utilize substantial mechanical events, some of which liberate electrons. Mechanical vibration at the atomic level is substantially different to "vibration" experienced in the terrestrial world. Nano-Vibration at the atomic level leads to magnetic reverberation, instability and impact events between neighbouring atoms and molecules. The full extent and effects of Mechanical Energy have not been explored in Science. Kinetic energy concepts have confused and clouded the issues, for this vague energy form covers a huge range of events and non-events in Nature. All Nature's forces can be directly attributed to the application of Mechanical Energy and to the atom's ability to store and liberate mechanical energy.

Newton was partly correct but his descriptions were piecemeal, since available knowledge prevented any link to the physical and atomic properties of matter. In Newton's day, there were few machines, no concept of the atom or the periodic table, no definitive mechanisms to explain chemical bonding or the Earth's rotation; the stars and planets were centred around the Sun, while telescopes were cheap-and-nasty by today's standards. Without a full appreciation of Mechanical Energy, the great men and women in Science could not reach this important precipice in scientific knowledge. Each has contributed to historical moments, for without their work and Nature's reciprocity, the basic foundations needed for the growth and development of the Science of Nature, may not have been realized. Because scientists cannot universally agree on the definition of ionization, it has become one of the most complex of Nature's keys. How many definitions define and describe ionization? Equally, how many definitions define polarization? What is the link between ionization and polarization? What is resonance? What is a cause, an Affect, an Effect, and an illusion?

When different hammers (each with the same impact speed) strike a small fixed-base laboratory tuning fork, they produce distinctive sounds, from clean fresh tones to the sounds of distortion and destruction. The hammer's material composition alters the energy transfer rate, while the hammer's momentum supplies an available quantity of mechanical energy to the tuning fork. Each reaction or reverberation is dependent on the energy accepted into the system and the mechanisms that distribute this energy, to the processes involved in the system, where the mechanical vibration is transferred through resonance in the air, to be perceived at a frequency with a certain intensity. With a constant hammer velocity, each hammer's momentum supplies a different energy level that produces different sounds and effects. A weak hit establishes one set of results, while a strong hit produces completely different results due to the production of other harmonics and distortions.

a 15 gram rubber hammer; (Ding)
The same hammer at 5 times the speed (Dang)
a 250 gram ball hammer; (Clang-ring)
a 250 gram rubber hammer; (Brung)
a wooden mallet (Whack-Broong)
a 500 gram claw hammer; (Wack-clang-zing-ring)
a 5 Kg sledge hammer; (Smack-crack, tinkle-tinkle. Oops! I've broken it. )

Giving the atom a solid and predictable shape with a mechanism allows one to predict with great accuracy the structure and internal loading of the atom and subsequent atomic resonance properties, just as can be done with any resonant object. As the atom's magnetic field is pushed, distorted and vibrated, the atom fluoresces due to resonance, much like a bell with precise dimensions. From the spectral information, one can determine the atomic size and shape because the element's unique spectral fingerprint is characteristic of its physical dimensions, just like any other bell.

Chemical bonding structures load the overall magnetic field producing different spectral tones and harmonics. Iron filings burnt in a flame are seen in the spectroscope along with the reaction products and the elements of the flame, (Oxygen, Hydrogen and Carbon) each appearing as a unique spectral line series. The flame does not need to be Oxygen based, since Iron will burn in other gases such as Fluorine, Chlorine or Sulphur vapour. In exactly the same way, chemical reactions in a bath, a solution, a liquid and in solids, give rise to restricted resonances that will produce spectral lines indicative of the atoms and the structures involved. If one cares to look, spectral lines will be found. These lines reveal the atom's real temperature.

Events involving natural phenomena are quite common in the atmosphere, often mistakenly attributed to the sightings of Ufo's, where ignorance, egotism, gain and fear transmute something that should be appreciated, into something that is not true in Nature or in Science. Many atmospheric effects are set to confuse and deceive, some appear like classic ionization when they are not, (such as the "rainbow-crest" where the air glows on the horizon). This is an optical effect. Sunlight, Moonlight, street lighting and star fields, reflect and refract light, to trick the eye in forming "mock" images and mirages. The most commonly known optical effect is the rainbow. Historically recorded events are sometimes paraphrased with such phenomena. "As General Custer took the US Cavalry on that fateful day to the Little Big Horn (where the indigenous American peoples defeated an invader's army)", the common description of the sky given by the historians is ("the sky above mirrored the troops as they marched into history.") This is not necessarily artistic verisimilitude to deliberately link a supernatural premonition with the historical event, rather it shows an interesting optical effect that happened on that fateful day above the army. Such a mirror is a natural atmospheric ice event, having nothing-to-do with ionization.

Ionization effects are associated with several degrees of atmospheric turbulence. Some effects occur in very dry air (even though a fog or precipitation may occur at the time), such as Lightning, Fire balls and St. Elmo's Fire. These are all effects of atmospheric resonance where electrical charges accumulate and magnetic activity causes the air to adhere in a body or cell. Then atmospheric molecular resonance produces the glow, sometimes to violently discharge. Auroral activity, the ionosphere and meteor trail-radio-reflections are uniquely different since these are formed through the particle bombardment of the rarefied atmosphere from Solar and galactic events, whereupon the Earth's magnetism enhances the effects. Cherenkov radiation features atomic particles and cosmic rays that travel faster than the speed of light punching the upper atmosphere, producing a unique blue glow in the affected molecules.

One common ionization effect haunts modern air conditioned buildings. Called "static-pools", the influence of artificial fibre carpets and low humidity air conditioning generate this magnificent effect. Just the process of walking on the carpet and moving through the air produces intense static charges. The voltage build up can be so extreme that long sparks jump from the fingertips to any grounded object, effectively making an electrical circuit. This is the principle of the "static cell", a static-voltage generating pump. Because air-conditioning does not circulate the air evenly, certain locations around the office become extremely susceptible to developing high static potentials. Where the static-pool is the deepest, the office staff will get zapped more often. Electrical sparks can kill most electronic equipment including the computer. By increasing the humidity, the static-pools vanish.

The Fire-ball is another static pool, where a ball of dry dust is deposited by the turbulence between air cells. As the water vapour freezes, the air is "freeze dried", so the dissolved salts are also dumped into the dust ball. As the dry air moves, mechanical energy in the convection cells causes local atomic reverberation between the moving air cells. So great is the relative effect, electrons are removed and distributed by both proximity and impact effects to charge the dust cloud with a common "charge". As "like-charges-repel", the existence of the fire-ball seems to defy conventional Physics. The dust carries a tremendous static charge where molecules are held together by magnetic bonding forces. The explanation of this effect challenges the notion that like-charges-repel.

There is so much motion, that resonance and reverberations occur in the optical region. These charge balls are very common in the turbulent cloud often being zapped by lightning between neighbouring clouds. Occasionally the ball of dust may be thrown from severe cloud activity, landing on the ground, where it bounces about, spitting and hissing, slowly discharging, causing fires and minor damage. As the Earth has the same potential as the dust ball (with respect to the local weather cells,) the effect takes time to dissipate and discharge, extending the life of the event, so it persists even when the ball strikes a grounded water pipe. As the motion of the atmospheric fire-ball is random, many have been photographed and claimed as genuine UFOs, "As the object is exhibiting random UFO motion, it must be a UFO, because only UFOs undergo this kind of motion" Q.Fogerty 1979

The mechanism of the fire-ball is very similar to the development of lightning above a layer fire, and there are instances where plasma fire-balls generated above a layer fire, have spread the chemical fire and killed people. Oddly, a Van de Graff generator with the same charge potential does not fluoresce the air. Often the lightning produced spreads the fire. The layer fire is perhaps the most dangerous of all chemical fires, existing as an even flame above a flat burning surface, (such as the cane field fire, the oil/petrol fire on the workshop floor or when floating oil burns on the ocean). Turbulence in the dry atmosphere charges the moving air. In the same way, in the doldrums, where the air is stationary, atmospheric charge pools can develop between the Coriolis weather cells. The charges change the magnetic field of the molecules in both the air and any Earth based insulator. In these non-moving air blocks or mini-doldrums, moderately insulated materials can develop a charge relative to the air. The air can glow or a brilliant spark can be experienced.

Saint Elmo's Fire is typically produced around the wooden masts of square rigged sailing ships and in forest situations. It may even be raining at the time when this blue glow takes hold. The air is very dry, even though it is raining. Touching the glow with a wooden stick, appears to transfer the glow to the stick. By wiping the stick, the glow can vanish. When a conductor runs up the mast, the effect fails to show. All modern sailing ships have aerials, lights, stainless steel halyards and lightning rods, on almost every mast, so many conductors run up the mast that St. Elmo's fire is rarely seen today on the oceans.

There are about 5 different forms of ionization in the above descriptions, developed through different mechanisms, yet each asks the same question in three parts; "what is ionization and what does it mean to electric and magnetic fields?". The question should be re-phrased to read as three, perhaps four or more distinct questions; "What is the electric field?" "What is the magnetic field?" And "What processes are involved to make the air fluoresce and act the way it does in each situation?".

Many great philosophers and scientists have asked these questions before, but none has had the mechanical atom to play with. J.J. Thomson was so very close with his model of the atom, but he did not have the mechanism of magnetic bonding or the neutron to work with. It would be grand, perhaps ideal, to have one specific question to ask about a particular mechanism, thereby allowing the scientific method into the scheme of things. Visualizations assist in the interrogation of Nature, but they must be so simple, the answers seen must explain the observed illusions caused by the interaction of different mechanisms and simple processes.

A visualization operates like this. It is necessary to contemplate everything at the smallest level possible, to see the atom in the atomic frame of reference. This means thinking small, really small; so small that the atom can be held in one hand. The aim is to understand how atoms react to a given stimuli, in order to determine the process. The concept behind visualization is to identify whether some process may work. Since the process is the simplest part of each reaction, complex reactions can be built up from many simple visualizations. To this end, it is necessary to shrink the laboratory to the sub-atomic size so that individual molecules can be examined and tested with common tools like hammers, kitchen knives and meat cleavers. Initial uncertainty is expected, (since no one, not even Science is sure of what is going on, or what the observations, especially with a meat cleaver, will mean), so it is necessary to be "certain" before attacking the fundamental questions concerning ionization. This aim must not be confused by presupposing that ionization is understood. It can't be, simply because ionization is not correctly defined, for it has more than seven definitions. Which one is true? Rather than determining the type of ionization taking place, and calling it ionization, it is necessary to revert right back to the initial research phase, the experimental design phase, to sit back and watch the events at the atomic level in a given situation. Jumping to a conclusion here is scientifically, the most dangerous thing anyone can do. Once the most likely scenario is determined, the theory will evolve or fail through further testing. This means that the theory must explain all exceptions as normal behaviour.

Setting up this laboratory is quite inexpensive. Equipment and chemical needs are few. Just a few molecules of each element are kept in sealed beakers and jars. The first stage of this process is to prepare the laboratory, to make the tools necessary to test the atoms and their molecules. This laboratory is not one where just thinking about it creates it, rather preparations to use the laboratory require planning and care. As so many interactions occur, the observations must be sagacious (astute and cautious). Only one question is allowed each time the laboratory is used, however, any unexpected or unusual event that is experienced, demands immediate treatment, since the answers will assist in this the experimental design stage, and in writing up the copious research notes. Most of the tools required can be made, however there are certain specific tools that can be found in the workshop or kitchen.

Chemists seem to enjoy playing with Sodium because when a small piece is dropped onto water it reacts violently, hissing and spitting, as it spins on the surface, giving off Hydrogen as it burns the water. Molecular Sodium is believed to exists as Na₂ , so the first step is to attempt to cleave a single Sodium atom from the soft solid metal. This is not all that easy to do once the molecular size is reached as each atom's magnetic field becomes more aligned, if fact the molecule will not directly pull apart. Hitting the molecule with a hammer, just like this, [ Clang ], makes the molecule ring-like-a-bell, giving off a flash of light as the molecular magnetic field reverberates. There is a transient impact heard, followed by a fundamental note with overtones and harmonics showing physical directional resonance (rise and decay rates) indicative of the molecular-atomic size and shape. Hitting an atom with a small hammer seems like a pretty stupid thing to do, however this analogy is used to show what happens when atoms form chemical bonds through burning where impacts occur. There is another part of this process and that is the stretching of a rubber band until it breaks. Burning involves a multiple chemical disassociation followed by many impacts at the atomic level.

Frustrated by not being able to separate the atoms with a single blow, the atom is hit rapidly several times in quick succession. Stroboscopic single flashes give way to a seemingly constant Orange glow as the hit rate increases above the limit of human perception. This is only about 15 to 30 flashes a second. It is noticed that the molecule does not need that much energy to give off a great deal of continuous light. The intensity of the light is dependent on the force behind the hammer. Once the atoms are excited, only a tiny amount of energy is required to promote resonance, and then at the point of resonance, even less energy is required. So what happens when the frequency of the hit rate is progressively increased to 500 Imperial trillion (500 million-million-million) times a second?

It is not possible to do this with a simple hammer, so the variable speed bench sander is grabbed from the cupboard. The moving sanding bed will slowly build up in speed producing a rapidly changing local magnetic field with increasing frequency. At first, the slow movement of the nearby moving bed does not stimulate the Sodium molecule, however as the speed increases, a magnetic coupling takes hold where the Sodium molecules begins to reverberate producing weird tones and unusual vibrations not related to the natural resonance of the Sodium molecule. Every so often, the Orange colour becomes more evident as the stimulation rate passes through harmonically related frequencies. At the point of resonance the Orange colour is brilliant. Even the sanding belt glows due to it proximity to the fluorescent molecule.

The energy transferred from the moving belt becomes excessive as internal resonances tear at the atom's structure. As electrons are blown from the atom, the magnetic field change causes the molecule to bind tighter together or to reach an instability point causing the molecule to open-up. With an increasing attack frequency, an illusion is seen where the electrons seem to disassociate in pairs at first. Any modification to the magnetic field loads the molecule's structure, producing reverberation effects and the alignment of other matter in the local region. The changing magnetic flux flow rate, its resonance, intensity positional change and direction, send signals to the surrounding medium causing neighbouring molecules to react through alignment and movement. This effect is very powerful.

Just as the grinder did not come into contact with the Sodium molecule, just as a bright light flash will stimulate the Ruby crystal into the emission of a red light, low level radio frequencies will stimulate most evacuated gases to a far greater extent than brute force electrical current. In the design of the common fluorescent lamp, heating is required (with an electrical impulse) to provide the initial kick-start, to excite the evacuated mixture of Argon and Mercury vapour into a primitive resonance. A small alternating current (110-240 Volts AC) maintains the illumination, however this low level ultra-violet radiation is not seen until other conditions are met. To make the invisible, visible, the inner surface of the discharge tube is coated with zinc sulphide, and it is this molecule that will fluoresce with exposure to UV. As the energy needed to maintain the resonance is minimal and the design so efficient, energy companies demand that a ballast be incorporated in the circuit, so that a lamp with an effective output of 40 Watts, actually consumes 40 Watts of power. But this is not resonance, due to the fact that the lamp is turning on and off 100 or 120 times a second as the Alternating Current flips into the opposite polarity. Radio frequencies drop the needs for the excitation voltage and the heating requirements, to such a degree that the same 40 Watt lamp can produce the equivalent lighting of a 200 Watts lamp, when resonance is achieved using a small battery powered radio frequency oscillator. The resonant frequency of this gas mixture is not very high.

So far the chief principle disclosed has been one of kicking the atom into resonance and then maintaining that resonance. Equally, many chemical reactions do not involve electron exchange as magnetic couplings and links are involved in the various magneto-chemical mechanisms. Such a statement will be seen by many chemists as perfidy, in opposition to the teachings of Chemistry because the accepted chemical theory stems from poor perceptions and mankind's historical need to make metals, (through processes involving heating, burning and melting). There are chemical reactions where chemical impact and/or pressure does release electrons, however, many of the processes involved are not what they appear to be. Some chemical and burning processes involve very wasteful impact reaction sequences where considerable forces, (capable of separating electrons from the proton) apply. Lithium formed during the rusting stage (where little amounts of energy were released in the formation) apparently binds the atoms tightly together, but the reaction to separate the atoms actually promotes an initial burning process, so the energy required to separate the atoms appears to be much higher and equal to the burnt Lithium.

In the visualization laboratory, the normal Sodium molecule is placed on a double gimbal frame, similar to that holding the basic gyroscope, so that other molecules can be brought into its comfort zone. The Sodium molecule should reveal the three dimensional changes taking place. Sodium's trap mechanism will be seen to be activated as each beaker, (including those containing the inert gas atoms) is brought near it. Also, each molecule in the beaker will deform as the Sodium and the molecule establish magnetic links that reach through the beaker. Although the inert gasses present a strong force of repulsion, at the same time they produce an attractive force, strong enough to hold the gas lightly in that proximity, with crystalline handshaking.

The answers to many of the questions being posed in this chapter, are fundamental to challenging the current beliefs concerning energy transfer, electron transfer, thermodynamics and ionizations. Certain events previously discussed seem to release more energy than absorbed by the system. There are many reasons for this, from the sliding of the magnetic trap mechanism closed around another atom, as compared to letting atomic magnets slam shut. These effect can be simulated with two pairs of disk magnets. The slamming mechanism is difficult to replicate since molecules and discs in close contact roll into different positions. Slamming is like the burning reaction, where one molecule opens-up to form a dart that strikes the magnetic heart of the other molecule from a distance, where there is a major impact causing atomic and molecular resonance. Pressure in electrolysis promote molecular couplings where electrons are released, such as in the reactions taking place in a galvanic cell.

Rather than slamming the molecule, there is another way to open the molecules. In the laboratory, use the hammer head to find the magnetic pole connection. As the hammer is small enough to fit between the molecular magnetic poles, the Sodium molecule is distorted by the hammer's presence, causing the Sodium atoms to roll and close on the hammer head like a giant clam, forming a more efficient magnetic circuit. This rolling action stretches the opposite magnetic field gap like a spring or a rubber band, so the molecule initially takes on a "V" structure. At the open end of the "V", a gentle side-ways push on one pole can open and separate the two atoms forming a linear molecule, without reverberating the field too much, even though the field structure has dramatically changed, (from a closed to an open field). This will alter the molecular loading, magnetic throughput, rotation and gyroscopic stability through G-wave resonance. But, this in-line directed magnetic structure will create a problem for all other matter in the local region. Every molecule held in the laboratory beakers will respond to the magnetic field change as this open molecule forms a powerful magnetic dart. The mechanism of certain catalysts?

This low impact procedure required adding a small quantity of energy to open the field, yet it produces an enormous environmental change. The same can happen with Hydrogen. To manually maintain such a field is very exhausting as energy is needed continually to prevent the open configuration closing. An external magnetic field could be used to pull the atoms apart, where the local environment meets the energy throughput demands. Another molecule may do the same at close proximity (acting as a catalyst) to specifically align the atoms to affect a certain reaction. In the strong external magnetic field situation, liquid Oxygen will form a green solid. In the visualized laboratory, a simple bench clamp can lock the molecular structure, forcing the powerful magnetic field open, thereby reducing some of the energy needs for the following demonstration that will further upset the laws of thermodynamics.

Forcibly remove the hammer, while slowly releasing one end of the clamp, so that one atom is freed, but still attached to its sister. If hit with the meat cleaver, this atom will be knocked away from the clamped atom, however its magnetic field will cause it to be attracted back to its sister Sodium atom, and even though it flies away with the impact, it returns smacking into the other atom and knocking it from the clamp. Together they begins to roll around, backwards and forwards (reverberating), with the molecular magnetic field pulsating (a resonance) until equilibrium and stability returns. At this short distance, the two atoms struck with such impact force, the field resonance is great, liberating an enormous amount of energy as sound and light. The reverberating newly formed closed magnetic field structure is also resonating and both vibrations take time to settle down. The throughput velocity of the external field may have been change due to its motion through the local field, so energy will be shared and transferred to the surrounding environment through gyroscopic speed change, throughput, cushion size and alignment. Effectively, every reaction will involve an exothermic component, followed by an endothermic component. The reaction energy must include the sum of these component energies. To separate Lithium from Oxygen in Li₂O₂ requires this molecule burning, forming Li₂O, so one would find that the same energy is required to separate Lithium and Oxygen. Still, there are no resonant reverberations detected.

Each reaction must be likened to the production of a sound wave where the reaction has three parts; the attack (the transient), the resonance (fundamental) and the decay (harmonic variants) that persist until equilibrium is reached. Magnetic radiation is released during the attack and resonance stage however the decay may be one where, although energy is still being released, energy can be absorbed or released due to throughput energy changes and position. The action takes place in one time frame and the subsequent reactions take place in a second time frame. Each part of the reaction causes specific spectral lines due to resonance, producing spectral harmonic groups. The total reaction energy involves the sum of the spectral output, and the subsequent change in both motion and position. An endothermic reaction, noted on the temperature scale, may actually be an exothermic reaction in other parts of the spectrum, or at different moments in the reaction cycle. Equally, an apparent exothermic reaction may chill other regions of the spectrum. When a reaction causes a chilling effect, (the typical endothermic reaction), an excessive elpron slow-down may have occurred due to molecular loading, whereupon the inefficient molecule puts such a drag on the local environment, it is seen to absorb energy as it spins-up to the prevailing conditions.

But this may not be always true. A slow car travelling onto the motorway, will cause a problem for all the fast cars. There will be a great deal of slow-down, increased resistance, heated exchanges, and perhaps accidents. Equally, a fast moving Police car on the motorway, may cause the traffic to flow faster, effectively allowing the motorway to cool down which because the resistance is lower, the cars don't warm the motorway to the same degree. Subsequently, an endothermic reaction may be one where the molecule may be extremely efficient, giving stability to the local environment.

Having found a mechanism to form an open magnetic field, the next step can be tried. Open the molecule again (using the hammer as a passive catalyst) and clamp the in-line molecule firmly into a rotatable frame (forming a miniature magnetic compass needle). It is time to test the individual molecules in the beakers. As one pole of this magnet is held against the side of each beaker, each captive molecule responds in a different way. Some open quickly, while others twist and open, but there are those that twist, turn away and lean backwards. At the same time, the open molecule used to test each beaker experiences different forces, as it is pulled towards the beaker or twisted away. Oxygen and Fluorine open up, while Nitrogen and Carbon produce a sideways twist in the mounting.

Fluorine's reaction is different to Oxygen, for the presence of the magnetic field causes it to turn upside down so that the clamped magnetic compass continues in the same direction. A regular periodicity is obvious, with increasing molecular weight, where the polarity flipping continues. But the inert gasses, like Neon are both attracted and repelled. Again the geometry of the sphere is seen as the main suspect, for the mechanism demands that the first elpron added at the start of a period, always rotates in one specific direction, in relation to the level's rotation, so that it does not fly-off. This means that every atom in the same pressure conditions, having the same elpron number and atomic weight, will be identical in every respect, having exactly the same rotation at the same specific structural point. When a further elpron is added to the structure, it must rotate in the opposite direction to the first. Pauli was right in suspecting opposite spins, but he attributed the effect to the wrong mechanisms and applied opposite electron spins for the wrong reasons. Pauli's experimental proof will be challenged shortly. Due to the differential mechanism, each level of the atom exerts a directional opposition and throughput incompatibility to the adjoining levels with respect to the axis. Differential mechanical designs and concepts will need to be expanded in a specialized work, for they are well outside the range of this work.

It will be noted that when the rotations are compatible, the atom with the more powerful exposed loop field controls the reaction, until that moment when the molecular field is modified through a chemical reaction, so that the next strongest exposed loop field takes control of the next reaction. This indicates that a reaction chain or reaction sequence steps from one mechanism to the next, where the processes taking place are similar. In every case, the most active gap field initiates the resultant chemical reactions. The purpose of this deviation is to explain one chemical exception, Cl:F₅ , introduced in Chapter 3, for it holds an important key to explain the foibles in the defunct valency theory and links this with molecular resonance. It will be seen that two or more loop fields can exert a great field strength, but the atoms and molecules will not react in the manner that one would expect.

Unless external forces apply, reactions only occur if the atoms are compatible. This compatibility may be forced on an atom through the presence of a catalyst, where just one reaction will occur at a specific bonding point. Carbon is interesting here because in the pure graphite state, the fields are equally powered, directed and positioned around the atom's axis. This means that Graphite consists of a ring involving 6 magnetic pathways, effectively linking each atom together by a double magnetic bond. Even when a molecule like CH₃ is formed, the Hydrogen is linked by the poles across the Carbon gap, effectively forming three double bonds. Molecular spill fields then become a problem, because a catalyst may be used to cause the Carbon to atomically restructure in forming a Carbon core that will accept four Hydrogen atoms, CH₄. It is this ability and the equality of Carbon's three gap fields that initiates the processes that will form isomers (i.e. molecules exhibiting different molecular properties although sharing the same chemical formula) where the isomer's molecular structure is mirrored in three dimensions. Although isomers are structurally different, they can have many similar properties but produce different effect. One important key here is that common sugar has an isomer, which when dissolved in water, produces an opposite optical polarization twist, where the isomer and the normal sugar molecule are treated as having clockwise and anti-clockwise structures. Anti-sugar is low-calorie?

The role of the strange map of the mechanical atom, the periodic table, becomes another key to molecular behaviour with increasing atomic diameter. The atomic layers begin their fill sequences at Boron, Aluminium, Scandium, Yttrium, Lanthanum and Actinium. Beneath Aluminium, there is Gallium, Indium, and Thallium, identifying a separate coterie structure. Even blind-Freddy could predict that the current incomplete third layer sequence will conclude at element #120, having a mass of 327 amu, so the next level 4L starts at element #121 and will not replicate the 3U level till element 133. Currently, Lanthanum and Actinium begin the 3L Lanthanides and 3U Actinides sequences, each series containing 14 elements, (not 15 as Lutetium and Lawrencium are the actual elements that exist in the group 3A hole).

Simply because the periodic table is a flat representation of a sphere, it becomes a non-event to make predictions on previously unknown heavy elements, based on the mechanics of the differential sphere. The following is a "simplistic approach" that will need further refinement, since all the questions have not been asked or satisfied fully in this work. The coteries are seen to be filling, in the development of the periodic table and in both the ionization and electronegativity graphs, across each period. The atomic sorting process is causing problems with the atom's efficiency and stability with greater size, so that the next inert gas to be discovered will be element 118 (@ 308 amu) at the end of a very unstable layer. If this stays together long enough, the coteries will appear from the centre as

(2+2)--->(4) The coterie notations (4+4 etc.) refers to balanced coterie pairs.
(4+4) ->(4+4,2+2) Square brackets indicate an incomplete coterie. [ 2+1 ] would
(4+4) ->(4+4,4+4,2+2) refer to an atom like Nitrogen or Phosphorous having opposite
(5+5) + (4+4)--> coterie rotations whereas Carbon has a [3+3] structure. This
(5+5) + (4+4)--> does not seem to agree with the illustration to the left, because
(7+7) + (5+5) + (4+4) --> Nature is throwing in several illusions that will need to be deciphered
(7+7) + (5+5) + [ 3+3 ] = 118 from the initial interpretation of the flat map, in order to resolve the
atom's sorting and packing mechanisms.

The complete outer layer occurs at element 120 = (7+7) + (5+5) + (4+4) with the completion of the polar coteries. Pauli's positive and negative spins are resolved with the structure of Helium, where, with respect to the atom's axis, the elprons are travelling in opposite directions, even though they have the same tip speed direction with respect to the direction of the axis, at the axis, so the magnetic fields travel in loops, as toroids. With additional neutrons and elprons, the structure builds a core, composed of the first three coteries, and when traced will produce a different sorting and packing sequence to the above. It is not a simple matter of adding one and minus one together, as Pauli suggests, rather the atom's three dimensional structure and the magnetic bonding between the elprons increases the complexity of the description, but decreases the working complexity in Nature. Contemplate the basic structure above. The first layer fills in the the order. H [1], He (1+1), Li [2+1], Be (2+2). Additional elprons alter the coterie shape of the core as B [3+2], C [3+3], N [4+3], O [5+3], F [5+4], Ne (5+5) where a structural change takes place,giving two potential structures to Sodium, Na [4+4,2+1] or [5+5,1] while Magnesium can exist as Mg [4+4,2+2], (4+4+4) and [5+5,1+1]. Carbon can be similarly modified through pressure forming alternate structures like [2+2+2] and [4+2]. The sorting and packing systems allow the atom a great degree of design flexibility to meet changing conditions. Other structures are possible since the mechanics of the fcc structure is wide apart compared to the hcp. At Silicon, the structure collapses around a Neon core, so the next period will appear as

Al[4+4,3+2], Si[5+5,2+2], P[5+5,3+2], S[5+5,4+2], Cl[5+5,5+2], Ar [5+5,4+4], K[4+4,4+4,2+1], Ca[4+4,4+4,2+2]

At this moment, if one examines the exception reaction of Fluorine and Chlorine, the explanation and the reasons for the formation of the reaction product Cl:F₅ will become more obvious, because Fluorine's structure is F [5+4], when compared with Chlorine Cl [5+5,5+2]. This indicates a compatibility problem,where Chlorine attacked Fluorine, not the other way about. This system is a guide for it is not showing the rotation of the elprons. To be compatible, Fluorine's single gap F[0-1] must have a rotational toroidal direction equal to the Chlorine's five available elprons. Nature's machine code will need to be discussed in a more specialized work, for it involves looking at many simple chemical reactions. Similarly, the activity series shows some very important relationships. It is realized that the electrical output from a galvanic cell does not equal the material's integer value of the claimed valency for there are obvious exceptions and deviations caused by trigonometric and geometric relationships. As there is so much going-on in the galvanic cell and the flame, it is best to reserve that part of the ionization discussion for another work as any further discussion at this moment will be a total distraction.

Although the chemical reactions in a flame produce spectral lines, as does an intense laser beam, the electrical current passing through a resistance (producing heat) is a key to the reasons why neighbouring atoms respond to the intensity of local magnetic radiation where chemical bonding bridges make and break. At the moment when the flame is directed onto a solid, the increase in energy gives a further insight into the surface effects at the material's cushion interface for opaque substances. To really explain this mechanism correctly requires defining the mechanism for adding energy.

Rather than transferring the magnetic vibrations exactly, the magnetic fields of the atoms and molecules in the solid distort and deform, due to the higher throughput energy and reverberations weakening the chemical bonds and in shaking the molecular cushions of other matter, introducing non-resonant vibration. The magnetic bonds of certain materials (like metals) may break and make so suddenly that the throughput signal includes the agitation of the "heated" molecule resulting in a secondary emission of a broad band spectral transmission free of all spectral lines. This is the effect of reverberating atoms with different alignments and field directions, with a range of energy levels, so that an optimum "white noise" or "hot wire" spectrum is produced without specific polarization or frequency, as a cacophony.

Heating a block of some material to the point of glowing produces a randomized spectrum of light, where the transmitted magnetic radiation shows a continuous spectrum, a white noise existing over a broad band of the magnetic spectrum. Again, this is not ionization. The "hot wire" spectrum of the common incandescent electric light is a continuous reverberation, devoid of all individual spectral lines, until a gas (like Mercury vapour with strong absorption lines) is placed "locally" between the object and the line of sight of the spectroscope, whereupon the Mercury vapour absorbs the resonant characteristic spectral lines that Mercury would otherwise emit. Mercury vapour is not alone in doing this, rather every atom and molecule existing in a gaseous form (including Iron and lead) can be detected in the medium between the hot wire source and the spectroscope providing that those atoms and molecules have spectral absorption lines in that region of the magnetic spectrum. (Note: resonance is dependent on the available energy supplied to the elements and chemicals, so it is that the molecules and isotopes have radio, microwave, infrared, ultraviolet, and x-ray spectral signatures.)

The atmospheric researcher can use this effect to determine with a calibrated spectroscope, the composition of the atmosphere including all the "unseen" pollutants released into the atmosphere such as Benzene, Arsenic, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon dioxide and Selenium merely by examining the spectrum of the incandescent lights around a chemical plant, refinery or industrial site. Due to dissipation in the atmosphere of such pollutants the intensity of the effect will pin-point the offending site, perhaps the actual source. The management of such companies should be thankful for the information gleaned through this procedure, because the pollutants can be an additional source of income, a wasted resource that can increase the overall productivity and profit margin. Someone's trash is someone's treasure. There are markets for all chemicals.

Further energy increases affect the integrity of the medium to transfer energy and its directional vector relationships affecting higher frequencies, altering the optimum energy throughput as the magnetic vibrations reach saturation. This random energy is dissipated at the highest speed possible, starting from the lowest resonant frequency, perhaps as radio or infrared, as L and P waves, reaching some stability as the output enters S-wave resonant microwaves and Infrared, progressively increasing into the shorter frequency regions of the magnetic spectrum as light when the energy saturation spreads. With greater applied energy, the magnetic fields are in disarray, where chemical bonds holding the molecules together are so shaken they begin to break, attracting other compatible atoms. With the extreme heat, the agitation can be so great, the atoms totally disassociate in burning reactions where resonance takes place.

The magnetic field is also affected by the presence of electrons passing the field. Electrons will migrate as hitchhiker particles on atoms and molecules. As soon as electrons are captured by an atom, the magnetic field change is substantial, and in the correct situation, a flow of charges will be established. At first the "electric field" is one of discovery, where random chance carries the hitchhiker between charged points. As the potential on the electrode increases, the field becomes more orderly as a molecular current flows. The electrical resistance of a gas in a discharge tube may be impressively high at normal pressure, however as the pressure is reduced, the viscosity drops, allowing greater freedom of movement and this reduces the electrical resistance. The effect of electron transfer in the gas is intensified as the vapour pressure is reduced and the voltage increased. At a specific point, resonance in the gas occurs (this will be further discussed in Chapter 23). Viewing the spectrum of such an excited gas reveals the characteristic magnetic finger-print resonance of that gas. Reducing the voltage or the current seemingly stops the illumination, however, the gas still passes a great deal of electrical energy and liberates other unseen spectral lines in other regions of the magnetic spectrum

Merely measuring this resistance causes electrons to flow in the gas, and as any electric current passing through a gas, it alters the magnetic field of each atom along the path. This is especially noticed with rarefied gases where magnetic attraction and repulsion produces collisions and resonance. An external magnetic field disturbance will modulate the atom by loading it in several ways. It will cause a directional change in resonance as a Zeeman effect, where the frequency in one direction is much lower than the normal frequency becomes much higher in the other direction. The only explanation for this is a Doppler shift, caused by the helical trajectory of the affected atoms. This will illustrated shortly. Similarly, when the gas pressure in the discharge tube is increased, the gas fails to glow, yet it passes a current. This infers that to excite the gas to a point of luminescence requires a certain impact velocity. A gas like Xenon illustrates this quite effectively where the apparent turn-on occurs at a precise voltage and current for a specific vapour pressure. The higher the pressure, the greater the voltage required to reach the required resonance effect.

Once the conditions are met, the effective resistance of the gas drops, but this does not necessarily mean ionization. It could be a matter resonance effect, where a bucket-brigade of impacts pass the electrons from atom to atom at an appropriate rate. Matter resonance is quite simple to illustrate using a radio frequency oscillator. Rather than passing a current through the gas, a radio frequency applied external to the discharge tube will stimulate the emission of light. To do the same in normal atmospheric conditions requires putting a tremendous amount of electrical energy into a transmitter's insulated aerial. This is also subject to the frequency of the radio signal and is called a corona discharge. Unfortunately, the same term is used to describe the direct electrical excitation of the atmosphere at the tip of a Tesla coil, where electrons are pushed into the air at normal temperature and pressure to produce a fluorescence. This is not St. Elmo's fire.

Resonance is a fascinating subject for Nature is full of harmonies. A piano string when struck may give out a sound wave whose frequency is 440 Hertz. To make the same piano string vibrate without touching or striking it can be accomplished through several methods. The obvious tricks require the piano's sustain pedal to be depressed and locked in that position. The first method, uses brute force, when the entire piano is shaken or dropped. The second is more subtle. An amplified tone with a harmonic or the fundamental frequency, (a 440 Hz tone) is used to create an absorbing resonance in the Middle-C strings. All the piano strings absorb the energy and either on-pass the resonance or they reject it. Those strings which can vibrate or resonate do, where the natural resonance has a mathematical relationship to the absorbed 440 Hz tone. Not only is the fundamental tone going to resonate this string but so will tones with the following harmonically related frequencies, 55, 110, 220, 880, 1760, etc. All the "C" strings on the piano will resonate. The shape and structural integrity of the instrument allows a resonance, a natural amplification throughout the support frame and resonant chamber. Poor design may cause other strings to resonate producing an effective frequency conversion where the 440 Hz tone is absorbed and other strings resonate producing a discord. The 440 Hz tone may be converted by some mechanical relationship or a twisting in the frame to cause problem tones such as 1173 Hz or perhaps 175 Hz. The "fluro-shirt" shows this problem occurring in the optical spectrum, where light is absorbed and other colours transmitted.

In every sense of the word, a piano string is a pendulum, and as such it suffers from Coriolis forces. The hammer's directed impact on the string gives rise to a directed linear vibration. Tiny positional changes due to the Earth's rotation and the position on the vibration plane, damp the resonance in certain directions producing a G-wave reflection along the string's length, turning the linear resonance to roll into a circular resonance, originating in certain "unclean" overtones. The horizontally mounted strings in the concert grand piano are made to vibrate in the vertical direction, at a plane 90° to the Earth's direction of rotation. Unfortunately, the excellent acoustics of a concert hall will not save a Coriolis distorted piano since the alignment of the concert stage to the Earth's rotation merely exacerbates the effect. The Sydney Opera House is particularly good since the design aligns the concert halls, to the correct direction of the piano, thereby reducing the Coriolis distortion figure. All the halls face North-South, so the piano faces East-West so the Coriolis force is minimised. Rather than rebuilding all the world's concert halls to face North-South, so that the grand piano's strings face East-West, it is possible to alter the distortion and duration of this effect through a different string mounting mechanism whereby the string is made to exclusively vibrate vertically. Classical music critics acclaim the best concert grand pianos as those having the longest natural resonance, free of "unclean" overtones without realizing that the alignment of the concert hall is all-important.

The sustain pedal normally holds a baffle against the string preventing all resonance until the pedal is depressed. Typically, the Middle-C piano string can be resonated by an external 440 Hz tone, and it will continue to resonate for several seconds after the amplified tone is discontinued due to the simple harmonic motion and the rotational inertia of the strings involved. Although this resonance is heard, theory says that the vibrational energy is supposed to be absorbed by the string. It is, but connected to the string is a resonant chamber that passively amplifies the flexure in the instrument and is a receptor to external notes transferring external resonances to the string, reinforcing the resonance through a natural audio feedback loop, effectively producing a sound that is almost as loud as the original signal. With the sustain pedal depressed, the wide audio spectrum of the piano makes it a very interesting mechanical spectrum analyser.

Ruby lasers, diffraction and the multi-element Yagi aerial work on exactly the same principle where a coherent passive resonance amplifies the input energy ( i.e. energy out is greater than the energy in). This is particularly evidenced with diffraction, where the light entering a telescope strikes objects and produce secondary wave forms, where the molecules on the edge re-transmit the original signal at a different phase relationship to the air molecules in the atmosphere. This edge transmission will be discussed in aerial designs shortly, however the re-transmitted signal is on-passed into the signal and the shadow zone, thereby interfering with the direct light that passes through the air to that point. Diffraction will be treated shortly, for it is considered as a massive problem in optical design, imposing limits on telescope resolution and magnification.

When the piano is allowed to resonate (with the sustain depressed) the audio spectrum of the piano shows not only the fundamental note but the Upper and lower Side Bands of the 440 Hz tone, caused by the rest of the orchestra modulating the strings. If the audio 440 Hz tone is modulated and the carrier frequency removed, the signal can be restored by adding a 440 Hz carrier tone later. In audio, such Double and Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-Sc and SSB-Sc) transmission and reception can be proven to be pure wave motion events, transferred through the molecules and atoms in the air. Particle Physics will not explain any SSB transmissions because particle physics does not have a mechanism to explain why SSB works. Most long distance radio communications use SSB.

Since this discussion concerns the atom and ionization, what does the discussion of resonance have to do with it? The answer, like Nature, is simple; it is mechanical and mechanical effects influence all mechanical things, because mechanical energy is involved. A bobbing weight on the end of a spring; a swinging pendulum; a musical instrument producing a note; a ringing bell; an atom or molecule fluorescing are all examples of Simple Harmonic Motion. In the case of the atom emitting light, the term "ionization" is the wrong term! This entire area of Physics and Chemistry has been classified and pigeon holed incorrectly! Electrons do not need to be removed or added. Electrons do not need to change orbitals, because orbitals do not exist. Rather electrons are sometimes used to stimulate the fluorescence. In this situation, electrons act as a catalyst! Generally, there is absolutely no ionization taking place. This effect has nothing to do with releasing a specific photon in several dimensions at the same time in parallel universes so that many observers can see the event. (But that is what Quantum Mechanics states as the current theory!) This effect of resonance giving rise to fluorescence is a pure wave motion event spread through matter in the magnetic medium. Diffraction and SSB proves this to be true.

Unless energy is added, as time passes, the simple harmonic motion of a pendulum slows down, so the deviation from the central position is not so great, though the period of the pendulum remains the same. This is an effect of matter striving to reach the point of "Equilibrium". The period of a pendulum, the time taken to complete a single oscillation, is very precise, making it an almost perfect time keeping mechanism. European cultures developed a mechanical addiction to time and time keeping devices because many things work better, sound better when specific time frames are observed. Events seen in Nature demand "Germanic precision" when they are reconciled in the scheme of things. The terms "time keeping" and "harmonic" used to describe this type of motion have musical connotations, involving the motion of matter in a precise time frame. This is not an error or accident of language, rather it is a very accurate description, since musical instruments and the recording of music (as sheet music, in the score, in the tuning, and the audio record etc.) share common properties related to time and the regular vibration of matter, allowing a piece of music to be played today, to sound exactly as it did when originally performed. A pianola can play the music exactly as Scott Joplin played that piece when the roll was cut.

All musical instruments produce a range of sound vibrations or oscillations where, (depending of the musician's ability and technique,) the oscillations can be made to occur at precise frequencies that do not change when energy is added (to make it louder) or when energy is lost (the natural decay of the note). Many factors are working in each instrument, where the frequency and the mechanisms used to amplify the resonance, (the size, the resonant medium, the resonant chamber and its shape) do not change the resonance. Once the sound leaves the instrument, its pitch remains relatively the same even though the amplitude diminishes with distance, however dispersion is working as a conservation of energy. Newton devised the mathematics to explain Simple Harmonic Motion, illustrating the simple nature of Nature. In just four symbols, Newton expressed the Force "F" equals the Mass "m" times the acceleration "a" as F = m a. From this Newton noted that the distance "x" of the maximum deviation from the stationary point and the Force "F" applied is dependent on the stiffness " - k" of the vibrating medium. This is given as F=-kx. When the two equations are solved, the acceleration is seen as

The musical instrument's resonant chamber is purely a natural amplifier where standing waves develop. The vent holes or horn couples the vibrating air inside the chamber to the medium. The Stradivarius violin has a resonant chamber that physically deforms with the vibrations of the strings causing the resonant chamber to pump the air as well, producing a very high quality vibrant output, with the consequence that it has become prized by the musical community. To make the Stradivarius violin work best, the musician is the key. A novice musician can still make such a brilliant instrument sound like a fiddle. The difference being that the student is creating an uncontrolled and more forceful attack on the string, totally changing the dynamics and harmonics. This is not a diversion, rather it is showing that Equilibrium in Nature presents a powerful force where Nature's tricks are used to produce certain resonance effects (claimed to be ionization). Any disturbance to the atom's magnetic field or the atom itself will cause a resonance and perhaps a reverberation, where the dynamics are similarly changed, through loading, resulting in a different frequency emission. At low levels of vibration, the magnetic field takes in energy and re-transmits this, generally at lower frequencies, fundamental to the nature of the atom, and the processes involved. If this stimulation is caused in the light spectrum, the result will be a colour absorption and re-transmission, at the surface interface, a magnetic cushion that totally absorbs the energy, then re-transmits this energy with colours added and others removed, thereby producing what is perceived as its colour. Colour is reinforced by matter's emission of light at different frequencies. In the case of the fluro-shirt, more energy is re-transmitted on specific spectral lines, than received on them. In this example the pigment absorbing most of the spectrum and selectively re-transmitting the energy on a few specific spectral lines, hence, the shirts appear very bright, even in darker conditions. Black and the events at the surface interface magnetic cushion will be discussed shortly.

Electrons passing through a gas assist in stimulating the effect of magnetic radiation emanating from the resonance of matter and the magnetic fields in the rarefied gas. When the vapour pressure is sufficiently low, the gas molecules reach an optimum spacing whereby the distance between atoms and the collisions produce a standing wave in the medium, a naturally amplified magnetic resonance. At this point the resonant chamber effect applies, resulting in a laser effect. This is further enhanced by placing a semi transparent mirror at one end of the laser tube and a full mirror at the other end. The magnetic vibrations leaving one atom travel to the next atom so that the resonance from the next atom reinforces the resonance from the first. Solid matter can also produce a laser effect, where the alignment of matter in a crystal can be stimulated to produce a forced laser effect. The ruby laser is perhaps the most well known since it was the first laser effect discovered. Since then there has been a revolution in laser designs. The Ruby laser uses a massive flash of light to stimulate the emission of the Red laser beam. The frequency of the beam and its coherence indicate the spacing between matter and the relationship to the atom's resonant frequency in a crystal matrix. The gas laser uses dangerous voltages to work. The semiconductor laser, found in the laser printer and hand held laser pointer, is much smaller where a sandwich of semiconductor material and a phosphor dot produce an amazingly efficient intense output light beam stimulated by very safe low voltages and currents. None of these devices use ionization to produce light.

A direct hit to the atom causes it to reverberate, transferring energy through a resonance and reverberation effect in matter's magnetic fields. Equally, when the magnetic field is shaken by other magnetic fields, the vibrations are transferred through the field into each atom, whereupon the resonant frequencies and harmonics are absorbed, or rejected. The energy is then re-transmitted or converted to other frequencies. Rejected frequencies are lost. Each atom mechanically vibrates with identical resonant frequencies producing other harmonic frequencies. To excite all the atoms in a mass by violently shaking individual atoms through heating produces random emissions over the entire spectrum to a certain upper limit established by the energy absorbed by the molecules and the throughput energy received from other molecules. It is the same effect as violently shaking the piano with the sustain pedal depressed. Everything resonates at different rates without resonance or directional commonality.

The second step in the ionization debate is to pick up the Hydrogen molecule in one hand and a sharp knife in the other hand. The aim is to remove a single electron from the Hydrogen molecule. The electron cannot be seen as the spinning elpron is travelling a little too fast. The knife is slowly lowered to touch the equatorial region of the spinning Hydrogen atom, the elpron. "Bang!" The elpron's magnetic field collapses as true ionization occurs. The electron flies off at considerable speed as a Beta particle. Since the mass of the electron is 1840 times smaller than the proton, the elpron's rotational energy can be determined from the true speed of the Beta particle. This picture could become very clouded simply because the interactions between matter initiate an avalanche of events that raise many questions demanding simultaneous answers. No spoken language allows simultaneous answers, however visualizations can assist in understanding each of the processes. What happened to the proton? What is the other Hydrogen atom doing?

The Hydrogen molecule (H₂) is normally diamagnetic. Removal of a single electron from one atom results in the total collapse of that atom's magnetic field forming the magnetic molecule H₁ p (where the superscript refers to a proton). Changing the field shape to the more powerful open field will influence the alignment of all nearby matter and that of the damaged molecule. As the electron flies off, the molecule will be ringing-like-a-bell, however only the remaining Hydrogen atom has the mechanism capable of radiating this resonance. The loss of the electron could cause the damaged molecule to align so rapidly to the throughput magnetic field that the atom and proton disassociate. In such a situation the Hydrogen atom can attack any atom in the throughput field direction.

Backtracking to the moments immediately after the formation of the molecule H₁ p, it is possible for the proton to stay with the atom. A moving proton in a magnetic field prescribes a spiralling path, indicating that by itself it can produce a weak magnetic field, however this is opposite to that produced by the elpron, so there could be a considerable force of magnetic repulsion. This can either dislodge the proton from the molecule or cause it to gyroscopically flip-over altering its alignment to the Hydrogen atom forming a linear molecule H-p. In this second situation, the direction of rotation is not mechanically sound so it would change the proton's 3-D position with respect to the atom's magnetic field, perhaps lodging itself at the atom's pole, adding to the field throughput, increasing the atom's rotational velocity but in so doing increases the dart-like-qualities of the atom. Like a compass needle, the atom turns to the point of least resistance to attack any nearby atom.

Sitting on the bench in a sealed beaker is a Chlorine molecule. Being directly downwind of the Hydrogen atom, the looped magnetic field of the two Chlorine atoms in the molecule is sensed by the Hydrogen atom causing the fields to link and other nearby atoms to align. The attraction due to the magnetic circuit, becomes far too strong as the H₁p molecule is ripped from the hand. Like a dart it flies at full acceleration towards the Chlorine molecule. It does not head to the gravitational centre of mass, rather to the point of greatest magnetic disruption, Chlorine's gap fields. As the field between the two molecules concentrate, the throughput field flow increases and this in turn increases the magnetic pull and ipso facto, the acceleration increases with the decreasing distance. As the H₁p molecule aligns in flight to the magnetic field direction of the Chlorine-Chlorine poles, the Chlorine molecule's trap is set, so that diminishing distance increases the force of attraction so the Hydrogen atom smashes its way through the beaker, slamming its way into the gap field between the closing pole pieces. The alignment for full chemical bonding is complete. This impact could easily cleave the Chlorine molecule to form several structures in the next few moments, from the impact Cl:H₁p:Cl to H₁ p: Cl:Cl or it could unite with both Chlorine to form a double trap H:Cl:₁p: Cl

All the atoms resonate with the transient impact energy greatly disrupting and distorting the magnetic fields. The magnetic fields of the three atoms reverberate as the half Hydrogen molecule (H₁ p) is caught between the two pole pieces establishing a new magnetic structure. The impact also upsets the stability of the gyroscopically spinning elprons, (the inertia of the system) causing the atoms to lose their magnetic integrity where the fields collapse, restore, reform and harmonically reverberate giving rise to the fundamental spectral signatures of the atoms and the newly formed molecule. As equilibrium is reached a natural decay in the resonance occurs. The molecular structure will now present it's own unique characteristic resonance as it has formed a pseudo-atomic structure through the magnetic chemical bonds.

There are several probabilities as to the handling of the proton from the moment of impact dependent on the alignment of the H₁p molecule as indicated earlier. The proton reaction could be illustrated like this pH₁ Cl₂ where the loose proton is banging into the Chlorine molecule. Every so often, one of the Chlorine's elprons could strike the proton, transferring an electron from the Chlorine atom to the proton. So, pH₁Cl₂ ---> H-Cl:Clp-H. The H-Clp end of the molecule has developed a different non-compatible magnetic field structure causing it to break from the HCl component molecule, introducing further magnetic reverberations.

Equally there exists the probabilities that the proton end of the H₁ p molecule strikes the Chlorine molecule first, so H₁p Cl₂ ---> H-Cl:p-Cl-H. Or the proton may be lost forming H + Cl₂ ---> HCl₂ or HCl + Cl, or perhaps 2 HCl molecules may form. The H-Clp will be attracted to any other molecule in the region with an open magnetic field. It would do this by stealth as the open magnetic field forces a partial alignment of the nearby molecules and atoms. Elsewhere, a captured Beta particle alters the magnetic field of another atom or molecule. Suppose this happened to be a Chlorine molecule, then it would form Cl-Cle. The two distant molecules Cl-Cle and H-Clp present a molecular alignment field where HCl, _H-H and Cl-Cl molecules align forming a path linking the two atoms together. Movement occurs as the two molecules present a force directed at each other through the magnetic fields of all the intervening matter.

As the molecules pass other molecules on route, reverberations and movements occur as the nearby atoms are mechanically disturbed. So great is this disturbance caused by the alignment and the S-wave emission of magnetic resonant frequencies, the L-wave may initiate a full chemical reaction in the remaining Hydrogen and Chlorine as a spontaneous reaction throughout the medium. The impact of the two molecules Cl-Cle and H-Clp causes a seemingly complex but simple reaction where H-Cle-Clp-Cl ---> HCl and Cl₂, liberating more magnetic radiation, characteristic of the elements involved as the magnetic fields stabilize. Hang on, this is a Chemistry discussion having little to do with ionization or electron transfer. It has shown several methods where Hydrogen chloride forms liberating resonant energy. (Note: HCl is the same chemical formula as that given by chemists for Hydrochloric acid, and there is a big difference, because HCl, the acid requires water to do its damage.)

The third step in this debate is to pick up a fresh Hydrogen molecule in the left hand and the Neon atom in the right hand. Held at arms length, the two diamagnetic bodies will partially link their magnetic fields but this is not a strong bond, as there is a great force of repulsion experienced that holds the two bodies apart. Thus Neon can be held in the atmosphere until the air is suitably chilled. Neon is very slippery because it has a tight enclosed diamagnetic field. Its field runs through the resonant coteries presenting a revolving, resonant toroidal field.

Take a firm grip of the Neon atom and try to hit it with the Hydrogen molecule. Try to clap the hands together while holding them. As the two elements come closer together, the magnetic force of repulsion increases producing a twisting force. Once the threshold distance between the two is crossed the repulsive force becomes intense. Both the Hydrogen molecule and Neon atom are twisting violently due to the semi-closed diamagnetic fields of both.

Suppose that one's grip is strong enough to hold the Neon atom and the Hydrogen molecule so that they can be smacked firmly together. The closer they come together, the greater the deformation of the magnetic fields. As the two bang together the repulsive force is so great that they twist and fly off in different directions. Each component atom is now in magnetic resonance so the atoms are easy to find. The force used was just not great enough so pick up the atom and the molecule again and really bang the blighters together. With arms outstretched, every muscle in the body poised to give maximum effort and impact force at the point of collision. On the count of three, concentrate for a maximum effort.

One, two, three. Smack, Bang, Crash, Zap, Whizz, Tinkle "you've broken it". The Neon atom shatters; the Hydrogen bonds break, electrons are dislodged from the elprons. The magnetic P-wave about to be formed will be unique. Rotational energy conflicts occur as the atoms smash together, resulting in the total collapse of the atomic magnetic fields, at which point there is a conversion of rotational energy to linear motion, where several groups of extremely high velocity particles fly about the room smashing beakers and breaking other atoms. For such a small energy input, there is now, a great energy output. These particles are travelling at amazing speeds due to the internal rotations of the shattered atoms being suddenly released. A chain reaction is taking place where the magnetic fields of the affected matter collapse. Matter is both splattered and shattered, liberating many elprons, neutrons, protons, electrons and complete atoms. An enormous volume change occurs as the particles liberated travel outward, smacking into other atoms and molecules around the room causing a great deal of destruction from the release of the destroyed atoms rotational energy. The newly created atoms must establish new magnetic fields and as they do, tumbling about, there is every likelihood that they will chemically combine with other atoms giving rise to further energy releases. In the next millionth of a second, the atmosphere will respond violently, so be prepared for a bit of a crush.

The nuclear event taking place creates a much greater magnetic disturbance due to the collapse of the two original magnetic fields, initiating the collapse of many other magnetic fields, where atomic bullets smashed into nearby atoms and molecules causing them to cleave, deform, coalesce and fly around the room. Without the presence of these magnetic cushions, the environment reacts, since there is nothing to stop the environment collapsing-in-on-itself into those regions where the atoms once existed, except for the fact that matter physically exists in those positions, so the external environmental matter crushes into the apparent free magnetic space, forming a pre-transient vacuum. As matter is pushed into the void, the sudden pressure drop races outwards through the medium as a sound wave pulling matter into and compacting the site. A broad band spectral event will be seen as the magnetic fields collapse.

The atoms racing into the empty space strike the unprotected matter with such force, they start ringing-like-bells, releasing more energy. But this activates the rotation of the newly formed atoms under extreme compaction. The new atoms spin up to meet the prevailing environmental magnetic throughput velocity establishing new magnetic cushions forcing away the extremely close matter. Compaction increases the magnetic resistance, forcing the elprons in the environmental atoms to spin-up in rotation, increasing the effective size of their own cushions and the pressure. The amplitudes of each component's magnetic field resonance and reverberation is intense at this moment as the pressure builds up with the establishment of the new magnetic fields in this region. The transient is about to be initiated as the sudden establishment of the magnetic cushions around all changed matter forces away all nearby molecules resulting in a full long-duration pressure wave that races into the medium, forcing the matter away from the site at great speed and high intensity. The release of this energy is the transient pressure front that forms after the leading edge vacuum.

The close proximity of the compaction zone blows everything away with so much force, that it creates a vacuum at the site, which follows and races outwards as the magnetic forces pull all the atoms back to the site, producing an even more dangerous trailing edge reversed wind flow directed towards the site and the dynamic pressure wave itself then moves outward with so much force, the air compresses into a liquid, so the sound travels in the air at the greater speed of sound in liquid air. The more matter involved in the collapse, the greater and longevity of this pressure front and worse, the greater the subsequent vacuum and the atmospheric restoration mechanisms that follow. Inside the pressure front itself, there is just pressure, no wind. The nuclear blast's pre-cursal wave seen in high speed time-lapse-films shows each of these reaction phases from the leading edge vacuum, the massive transient P-wave to the destructive vacuum, the quiet, followed by the restoration wave that destroys everything. Molecular velocities are so great, that the friction of passing matter causes an almost instantaneous chemical breakdown in the vacuum phase.

The Bikini Atoll "shot-Baker" test of July 25th 1946 at 8:35AM (21 Kilotons) was an underwater test. The blast rose to the surface creating both an underwater P-wave event, but when it broke the surface, it created a second event in the air. The underwater even was so powerful it ripped the bottoms out of ships moored around the atoll. Aerial photographs of the event dramatically illustrate the underwater and atmospheric P-wave events, resulting in two separate pre-cursor dynamic disturbance events which moved at approximately the same speed, moving at speeds considerably faster than sound. The shock fronts are seen in both the water and the air as concentric rings on the surface. The water changed to foam, while the air formed a dome as the mushroom cloud appeared.

Bikini Atoll

The release of energy through such a mechanism is predictable without using Einstein's equation, for the alternative mechanism considers the real explosive power coming from, the atmosphere and the local environment, destroyed forever. It is deluded to categorically state that exploding 2.5 Kg of Uranium is the ultimate proof of Einstein's relativity, when the observed evidence tells a different story. The release of so much rotational energy, is awesome, for the effects produce a reaction lasting a much longer time in comparison to the normal chemical explosion event. The chemical explosion rarely exhibits the leading edge vacuum wave or the massive restoration pressure which the atmospheric nuclear event exhibits.

Having destroyed that laboratory, it is necessary to rebuild another. Electrical theory states that when a silk cloth is used to rub a stick of ebony, electrons are rubbed-off one material and attach to the other. This claim is superficial. What did the power grinder's proximity do to the nearby Sodium atom? To take this to the next step, use the silk cloth and rub a fluorescent lamp tube. The phosphor will be seen to glow with the motion of the cloth, but no electric field is produced on the glass. This fluorescence is not an effect of the electric field, rather the relative movements of the two surfaces introduce a high frequency magnetic resonance, so the phosphor atoms vibrate and the emission of light occurs. The magnetic structure of matter is critical to this effect being observed. In certain structures, the alignment of the atoms allows such proximity effects to actually remove electrons, by blowing them from the elpron's surface. Affected atoms and molecules change their magnetic status, being more attractive to other atoms and molecules. As the ebony rod is a good insulator, it promotes the longevity of the electric field, as the electrons blown-off the atoms in the molecules take a considerable time to return through the medium to satisfy the affected elprons. The surrounding environment is now affected, as a molecular air flow establishes from the region where the electron's reside to the region where the atomic fields are electron deficient. This molecular field involves the alignment of the air. Some will categorically state that magnetic fields will not influence or alter the electric field. The frames of reference although different identify that this is not the case, for one is using terrestrial frames to examine atomic frames of reference. The Earth's magnetic field permeates all matter, and even when an electric field is evident, there are changes to the alignment of matter which maintains the Earth's field direction. It is difficult to determine any magnetic alterations in the terrestrial frame of reference because different effects apply with toroidal field structures. Any directed field changes should be obvious.

At this point, one can build two whizz-bang electroscopes. They are really simple. One is Gilbert's balanced pin, made from some non-magnetic material, and the other is a small strip of very thin aluminium foil, folded in half to make an inverted "V" for it is to be suspended by a paper clip and held on an insulated block. Placing a charged device between the two electroscopes will cause different responses. The pin will turn to face the charge and the vanes of the foil remain opens. Take a deep breath and begin removing all the air from the laboratory. As the air pressure drops, the pin continues to point at the charge and the vanes of the "V" device remain open. Surely, if this were a molecular event, logic decrees that as the vapour pressure drops and more air is removed, the vane must collapse and the pin must point in another direction. Not so, for as the intensity of the vacuum increases, the velocity of the atmospheric molecules holding the "V" open is increasing due to the lower viscosity. As the charge is present, the Edison effect causes atoms to attach themselves to all matter and the conductors, maintaining the status quo, where the pin to the device and the device to the foil, hold a local atmospheric field. This is physically seen in two devices where the invisible is made visible.

Each proof of the electric field's molecular nature will raise questions concerning the morality and ethics of Science, for the acceptance of man's opinions and notions have been placed on a plane greater than Nature. Proofs have been known for many years and include the following effects, devices and principles; friction; the behaviour of a piece of paper in an electric field; the discharge tube; the plasma ball; the electric wind-fire-stopper; the theremin; the negative ion generator; the Doff effect; the Edison effect; the television picture tube; the photomultiplier; the radio valve; the spark; the photocopier; and the list goes on. Some of these devices will be further examined in Chapter 23.

Aerodynamic forces come into play when matter gains or loses electrons, for such alters the local magnetic fields in the 3-D space about the object creating a molecular field flow. This, when opposite charges are involved will create the physical illusions that like-charges-repel and unlike-charges-attract. Physical illusions have real properties. Polarity enters the discussion, for polarization effects have polarized many beliefs. External mechanisms occur in the medium where a monopolar discovery field seeks out and establishes a path for local magnetic equilibrium, promoting the movement and alignment of matter, giving rise to the many observational illusions, including the electric field's physical properties. Such physical properties only continue to that moment, when environmental equilibrium is reached. It could be that moment when the charge is equally distributed throughout the medium, so that the volume is of uniform charge. This volume is now charged with respect to the "outside world", but that is not seen, for the appearance in the laboratory is one where the electric field has faded away.

An electric field in the atmosphere develops such extreme air flows, that the wind is capable of blowing small pieces of paper onto the "charged" device. The paper is then physically held on the charged device for a period of time, before the paper establishes its own field structure, at which time the interaction of aerodynamic molecular forces blow the charged paper from the charging device with considerable velocity. In the electric-wind-fire-stopper, a considerable charge is applied to a long flat electrode that is held by the device just above the floor. When the device is placed in front of an oil-layer fire, the wind produced is so great that the fire is blown out. The full explanation of this device is a tad more complex due to molecular alignment, however as the next few devices are described, one can fill in the gaps.

In the discharge tube, a deliberately contrived vacuum in a confinement vessel produces conditions and effects different to those experienced in the real world. Conductivity in the gas does not mean that the gas will fluoresce or that ionization will occur. At very low atmospheric pressure the gas will readily pass an electrical current. Some discharge tube applications fluoresce, such as the energy efficient lamp, gas laser and neon sign, when sufficient energy is applied. However there are those that do not fluoresce, such as the cathode ray tube, radio valve, electron microscope, and the TV picture tube etc. because the electrical energy is not high enough. The key events are seen when the electric field is made to become visible, where materials fluoresce. Many associated events and effects claimed as "ionization" reveal an actual working mechanism that involves mechanical energy, conductivity and resonance. A gaseous material can be stimulated to the point of releasing magnetic reverberations and resonance due to impact and molecular fly-by effects that cause the atoms to physically spin end-over-end, thereby transmitting magnetic radiation by pulsating the surrounding magnetic environment.

All matter is linked and held together by magnetic bonds in a stable crystalline structure, even in a vacuum. As the gas pressure in the tube is lowered, forming a progressively deepening vacuum, the structure of the gas is re-arranged. Effectively, the electrical resistance of the gas reduces with the deepening vacuum. As the vacuum stretches matter apart, matter accumulates around other matter, effectively wetting it. The vacuum forms bridges and paths along the inside surfaces of the vessel. The presence of a charge on the electrode changes the atomic magnetic profile of the wet surface inside the discharge tube, so the local gas atoms are attracted to the vessel's inside surface and the electrodes, on mass. This is a magnetic coupling of like-charges. At the negative electrode (the cathode) the initial impact (even at very low voltages) forces the atoms to pick up spare electrons when magnetism holds them together. This is a case of like-charges-attract. This changes the atomic loading and the magnetic field of every gas atom. This effect does not need to create a force of repulsion, rather it just requires the atoms to reach "equilibrium" with the electrode, forming a cloud. As the pressure increases, the cloud rotates and flows towards the centre, increasing the central vortex pressure, initiating problems for the cloud, as the matter must go somewhere. The weakest point is at the vortex, where matter is crushed and under pressure, so that the matter is sprayed from that point, to become a beam.

As other atoms in the region are not in equilibrium to the changed circumstances, they are attracted to the electrode and the inside surface of the discharge tube. The stretched gas atoms are magnetically altered forming a greater accumulation of matter on the electrode and the development of a rotating wind structure as convection cells form. The atoms start flowing across the negative electrode's surface forming a rapidly spinning vapour clouds. Decreasing the pressure in the tube, or increasing the voltage forces the electron carrying molecules increases the back pressure forcing the molecules to begin their spiral down the length of the tube like the vortex and funnel of a willy-willy (a dust devil). Further increases in power or greater pressure reduction increase the velocity of the gas particles crossing the electrode's surface, picking up electrons which the randomly altering magnetic fields have blown-off into the cloud. These are carried to the vortex of the tornado, whereupon they are pressurised and forced away at great speed from what appears to be one of several point sources.

The spark starts its journey, as a tornado formation. As this is a rotating structure, it will be affected by the Earth's rotation. The spark will be seen to fall to the bottom of the discharge tube, carrying the current to the inside wet glass surface, where the conductivity zone, makes this the path to the other electrode. At first, the conductivity zone presenting the lowest resistance runs along the inside surface of the containment vessel, be it glass or some other transparent material. As the spark's rotation increases, it extends further down the tube and will be seen to travel along the bottom of the tube, but in so doing, will be deflected by the Earth's rotation, especially when the discharge tube is mounted horizontally in a North-South direction. Coriolis forces can be seen to be actively deviating the spark. When the opposite polarity is used, or the tube rotated 180°, the heavy spark will curve in the opposite direction due to the rotational changes from latitude to latitude. As the electrons flow, the magnetic field of the affected matter becomes highly magnetic, linking end to end as a chain. The higher the current, the greater these atoms will link as the electrical activity becomes more visible. Linear linking of molecules forces the spark to exhibit straight line paths, where eddy cells at the distant end of the tornado, break the spark into linear forks, as each eddy cell around the conduction zone links and spirals about the straight magnetic chain.

This can be easily further demonstrated with a plasma ball, an electronic novelty. The Plasma ball physically identifies the nature and workings of the electric field, castings doubt on most electric field theory. In the confines of the large plasma ball, the Coriolis forces are evident if one knows what to look for. The four principle directions are North, South, East and West, revealing three different structures, for East-West or West-East directions are not influenced by the Earth's rotation. At any geographic position near the Earth's equator, the greatest Coriolis force will be seen to apply more vertically than in the North-South directions, due to the low difference in tip-speed with close tropical latitudes, while the greatest difference in tip speed is through height and this is dramatic.

The stress point at the base of the tornado is physically seen to develop and grow with increased voltage. It shows the formation of a tornado, where matter at the centre breaks-out, to become conductive because the concentration of molecules carrying excessive electrons are forced together, so the medium's resistance drops and the spark jumps. In a lightening storm, prior to the lightening hitting the ground, all the stress points in the region develop tornado type stress points. Fork lightening can subsequently be seen rising from the target points only moments prior to the hit of many spots at the same time when these tornadoes merge. This is despite the scientific belief that there is but one cathode stress point.

Although conductivity in the gas, the spark, will be discussed in Chapter 23, there still exists a deluded view that electrons travel from point to point, the shortest distance between two points. The plasma ball shows that many cathode points develop from one electrode, just as there can be several anode points, however the effect is voltage dependant, where at a precise molecular potential, the path between the points becomes a straight line between the two closest points. Once the electrical flow rate is sufficiently high, single cathode and anode points form as the surrounding medium compresses the flow into a jet. The reason science accepts the dual stress point concept is that the mechanism used to identify and prove the experimental proofs use over-kill voltages to force that partial truth to be observed, ignoring the whole truth. This historical half truth is a maintained illusion that only occurs when super high voltages and currents force this into a reality.

A low velocity twisting tornado funnel can be focussed by electric and magnetic means, also presenting an illusion of point to point, but this funnel is disobeying science due to the charged particles in the gas adhering together through mutual magnetic means, even though each molecule carries the same charge. Any minor molecular-electrical cross wind introduced across the rotating funnel, will physically push the funnel in the direction of the wind, while a magnetic field across this same point introduces a deflection in the funnel's direction, perpendicular to the field direction.

Due to the fact that the funnel can be focussed, many confuse the mechanism with optics, when this has nothing to do with optics. The effect is one of rotational particle physics, where similarly charged molecules are moving from point-A at the cathode to point-B at the anode along a funnel. When the funnel travels along an electrically produced magnetic field, the funnel can be opened and compressed to a convergent point whose cross-sectional diameter is free of diffraction effects. The spiralling molecules are not a wave motion, and when they travel over the edge of a surface, the surface does not initiate a secondary transmission effect. Subsequently, molecular tornado, can produce a beam used in such applications like the electron microscope, however the resolution is dependent on the medium used. Obviously, a Hydrogen or Helium atmosphere would create the best resolutions, however Hydrogen at these electrical potentials may present problems.

Increasing the beam current alters matter's response to transferring electrons in the beam. Again the plasma ball makes this visible as the molecules are accelerated towards light speed in the medium. Although the wind is moving as fast as it can, physical properties experienced with matter presents a resistance to change. This is an inertial-viscosity effect throughout the entire medium, not an effect of time-dilation. It is here where Mr. Lorentz deviated from the track, for the signposts he used were wrong. To overcome this effect, he needed to introduce fudge-factors into the calculations, to marry the held-beliefs with the observed truth. But his mathematics did not show or point to the truth, rather, for he made the calculations agree with the observed effect. To do this, Lorentz made several dreadful assumptions in making his theory work, assumptions which Einstein picked up and ran-with in the Special theory of relativity. The reason science accepted Mr. Lorentz' notion was that electrical theory, stems from a reinforced concrete belief that the electric field is sub-atomic, when the electric field is actually a magneto-molecular electric field, a fact that can be demonstrated using the Plasma ball.

Again, the errors are seen to extend way back through the history of science, to those early notions about Chemistry and Physics, erroneous beliefs that entered science before 1880, (some as early as 1600,) yet these have been maintained and incorporated into all modern theory, without question, effectively leading scientific explorers away from Nature. What appeared to be true at the time, was true at that time for it agreed with the ignorant theory of the time. To accept unchanged the ignorance ignorance of that time, all those years ago, as fact and as the truth today, is deluded, for all the previously held notions in electrical theory are identified as the consequences of observational illusions that exist with physical properties, where specific mechanisms and processes apply. As electrical theory is wrong, then it must be replaced by theory that works. The replacement theory must agree with Nature and it must be theory that uses mechanisms and processes to predict both the observational results and the observational illusions, as well as treating all the known exceptions and mundane observational results as expectations. What is electrical resistance? How do electrons travel through matter? How can electrons travel through a vacuum? Do not look about the self for answers. Look to the mechanical atom, for the answers to such questions are obvious. Ask Nature simple questions and Nature will answer those questions with a wealth of knowledge that will over-load the thought processes.

Return to Table of Contents
Return to HOME PAGE
Forward to Chapter Eighteen
Return to Chapter Sixteen