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D-Day,
Normandy, France June 6, 1944
by Brian Williams The
US 1st Army, V Corps had the mission of securing the beachhead between
Port-en-Bessin and the Vire River and to advance towards St. Lo. The Corps
was to arrive in 4 stages with the 1st Division (with the 29th attached)
leading the landings with about 34,000 men in the morning, followed by
another 25,000 men after noon. The 1st Division was a veteran unit which
had served through the campaigns of North Africa and Sicily. While for
the most part, Normandy would be the 29th Division's first experience
in combat. Two American Regimental Combat Teams (RCTs) of four rifle companies
each, were tasked with the initial landing (the US 29th 116th RCT and
the US 1st 16th RCT), followed by the remainder of the 1st and 29th Infantry
Divisions. Fire support included naval gunfire from the battleships, cruisers,
and destroyers offshore, heavy bombing by B-24 Liberators, the 741st and
743rd DD (dual-drive amphibious) tank battalions, several battalions of
engineers and naval demolition personnel, and several howitzer battalions.
Objectives
Enemy
Defenses The gentle crescent curve of the shoreline allowed for excellent fields of fire against any landing troops. Since the Germans had prepared their defenses for quite some time, they were able to train their guns accurately onto the beach. Most of the strong points protecting Omaha beach were located near the entrance of the draws and contained machine guns as the main armament as well as light artillery pieces. In addition, in this sector, there were 8 concrete casements and 35 pillboxes which contained gun sizes up to 88mm guns. No coastal batteries or heavy guns were present in the Omaha sector, although 6 155-mm howitzers were believed to be located at Point du Hoc. The defenses in this sector were designed to be almost entirely on the beach or just behind it with almost no defensive positions beyond this point. For the German defenders, it was expected that defensive reserves would be rushed to counter any landings. The
716th Infantry Division occupied a 50-mile sector between the Orne River
and the Vire Estuary. It was considered a static unit and thought to be
composed of over 50% foreign troops (Russians and Poles). Reinforcements
were expected to come from the 352nd Infantry Division which was thought
to be stationed in and around St. Lo. The 352nd was a veteran unit of
the Russian front and was expected to provide the main opposition to the
V Corps. The Allies had expected the German Air Force to mount an all-out
offensive against the D-Day landings and they were believed to be able
to mount 1,500 sorties that day. The German navy was not expected to conduct
any appreciable attempts at hampering the invasion force. The
Special Engineer Task Force was comprised of both Army and Navy demolition
specialists whose mission was to clear paths through the obstacles in
preparation for the remainder of the landing force. The accompanying tanks
and assault infantry were to provide covering fire. The infantry landed at the same time and most ran aground well before their intended landing points. As they approached, they could hear the bullets hitting the ramps that had yet to be lowered. Many were weakened from seasickness and once reaching shore, had to cover another 200 yards of open beach until reaching the seawall. 29th Infantry Division (116th RCT) Dog
Green was located directly in front of enemy positions guarding the Vierville
draw. Company A of the 116th was due to land on this sector with Company
C of the 2nd Rangers on its right flank. Several LCAs were hit and others
had devastating fire brought upon them. Some reached the beach only to
find there was no cover for them to hide behind and many returned to the
water and the nearest obstacles. The enemy positions on the bluffs above
were able to inflict heavy casualties. Fifteen minutes after landing,
Company A was out of action for the day. Estimates of its casualties range
as high as 66%. A Ranger company of 64 men (in two LCA's) landed shortly
after near the Vierville draw. An antitank gun hit one LCA and a dozen
men were killed while a machine gun opened up on the second LCA as the
men debarked. When the Rangers reached the base of the cliff, they had
lost 35 men. Only two boats managed to land on Easy Red (between E-1 and E-3). These men encountered very light resistance. Further to the east, only about ½ reached the shingle. After the first ½ hour, only about a hundred men and only 4 DD tanks were on Easy Red Beach. Company E was supposed to land at Easy Green, but drifted nearly a mile to the east and found itself 3/4 of a mile east from the nearest 29th Division unit. To make matters worse, men were scattered over two sectors. Two LCVPs were able to make land without any incidences and deliver their men right on the beach, while the other four boats took heavy fire. The 29th Infantry had sustained heavy casualties and the first-wave seemed to have failed from onlookers who were able to witness it. Also, only two gaps had been made through the obstacles and the tide was rising quickly. This meant that reinforcements would that much more difficult. 1st
Infantry Division (16th RCT) A large section of the landing sector at Easy Red was situated between two stongpoints (WN 64 and WN 62). The Engineers here were able to open 4 gaps through the approach. This was important because on all of Omaha Beach, only 6 gaps total would be opened. The 37th and 149th Engineer Combat Battalions worked furiously to get these obstacles cleared, while Company E, 16th RCT was able to take WN 64 from the rear. Two destroyers had been instrumental in neutralizing strongpoints between Les Moulins to Fox Red and at least 5 destroyers had moved in to support the landing troops. The USS Frankford was especially effective against the strongpoints covering the E-1 and by 1000 hours, it was secured. Following the first landings, the 18th RCT was to land at 0930, but was delayed due to congestion on the beach and strong currents. They lost 28 landing craft to underwater obstacles, but overall landed in much better condition than the 16th RCT. The 18th RCT found pillbox west of the E-1 draw still active, but with the continuation cooperation of the destroyers, they were able to neutralize it. The Engineers were also to move to clearing the inland obstacles. This later became the main route off Omaha beach on D-Day. Fox Beach on the other hand fared much worse. Company E of the 16th RCT and company E of the 116th RCT landed on the western section of Fox Green and most were caught in the machine gun crossfire as the ramps lowered. Company F of 16th RCT was scattered from E-3 to over a thousand yards to the east. About 1/3 were casualties before the could make it to the shingle. Nearly all units drifted east of their intended targets. Others that did not land on time, were delayed. Dog White and Easy Red had almost no troops on its beaches. Subsequent
Landings As subsequent personnel and equipment landed, they found the beach more and more crowded. The shingle was nearly completely occupied and those coming in had to remain on the open beach. In most cases, the different units on the beaches were on their own to make their way off the beaches. Despite the chaotic situation and the large casualties, the units managed to slowly make their way off the beach and up to the bluffs. Nearly every unit had landed at the wrong areas and was forced to adapt to the current situation. Groups of men of 20 or 30 slowly worked their way through the beach defenses. Notably, the teams bypassed the draws and assaulted directly over the bluffs. This was probably due to landing in the wrong areas and the forced improvisation that was needed to penetrate inland, and the well-placed enemy positions guarding the draws. Unfortunately, this meant that the routes to be used by the armor and vehicles were not open. By 0730, General Cota of the 116th command group had landed at Dog White along with Colonel Canham. They found most of the 29ers huddled behind the seawall - unable to move. Knowing that the position was vulnerable to German artillery, they split up to gather men and find a way off the beach. Conclusion Understandingly, casualties were high among those first units, which landed on Omaha Beach. Casualties for V Corps that day were about 3,000 (killed, wounded, and missing) with the 16th and 116th sustaining about 1,000 casualties each. German
response By evening on D-Day, General Gerhardt landed, set up his command post near the Vierville exit, and waited to take over command of the 29th Division. Pointe du Hoc was still isolated and known to have sustained heavy casualties. 1st Battalion of the 116th, along with the 5th Ranger battalion, companies A, B, and C of the 2nd Ranger Battalion, and several tanks moved west along the Grandcamp highway towards Pointe du Hoc. It just failed to reach the Rangers at Point du Hoc by the end of June 7th due to stiff enemy resistance. Written
by Brian Williams - The preceding is by Brian Williams http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/dday/omaha.asp |
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