|
|
|
Atahualpa is the Ticci
Capac, the King of the New
World. Atahualpa organized and assumed the leadership of the armed resistance opposed to the Inca invasion. This resistance was of such magnitude that soon became offensive until arriving to the main city of the Tahuantinsuyu -Cusco-, entering there and finishing with the high public employees of the Empire. Atahualpa and his armies won in 1532; they had taken imprisoned and killed Huascar, who defended the imperialistic and conquering official policy of the Tahuantinsuyu; in addition they had managed to articulate a Popular Army of Liberation whose gestes extended for three years throughout which eleven battles occurred. We know with certainty that Atahualpa and his popular troops of liberation (conducted by Calicuchima and Quisquis) conceived the creation of a Tahuantinsuyu that excluded the privileges from blood and conquers not only by the wars themselves, but because at the time of the military triumph he did not self-proclaim the legitimate "Inca", but, very on the contrary, Ticci Capac, that is, King of the New World. His project was then, to create a New Tahuantinsuyu, without privileges of blood nor of belonging to some ethnic group, on the basis of the triumphant Popular Army, organically related and born from the popular sectors that during decades had been conquered and dominated by the Incas. Atahualpa is alive. |
|
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
.
.
.
|
| Next, we present to our visitor a part from the famous Speech on the descendants and government of the Incas that was rendered by Collapina and Supno before the Viceking Vaca de Castro in 1542. These two personages, plus other two whose names have not been conserved, were the few that were alive after the wars of liberation of the Ticci Capac Atahualpa. They were quipucamayo, that is to say, a species of historians who had on their behalf a writing system in which were conserved the most important facts of the history of the Tahuantinsuyu. In the Speech naturally it is the feeling of wrath against Atahualpa and its army of these direct witnesses of the facts because they underwent the strokes of the liberation war. In any case, we bring it here because it attests the value of liberation that granted Atahualpa to the title of Ticci Capac. The Speech was read before three witnesses (Pedro Escalante, Juan de Betanzos and Francisco de Villacastin), whom finally wrote up in Spanish what next can be read. |
.
.
.
|
.
.
| To the time that governed in this kingdom of Peru the lawyer Vaca de Castro, trying with much request to know the antiquity of the Indians of this kingdom and the origin of them -of the Incas- owners which they were of these kingdoms, and if they were natural of this lands or upstarts of other parts, for inquiry of this demand, made join and appear before himself all the old and antique Incas of Cuzco and all its region, and inquiring into them, as it were tried, no one informed with satisfaction but very variably in right of its part, without knowing how to give another reason more than all the Incas were descending of Manco Capac, who was the first inca. Without knowing how to give another reason, not agreeing each one with the others. Seeing themselves worried in this demand, they said that all the last Incas had their quipucamayos, the origin and principle of them, like of the times and things occurred in time of each king of them; and they gave reason, that with the coming of Chalco Chima and Quisquis, tyrannous captains of Atau Huallpa Inca who destroyed the lands, which killed all the quipucamayos that they could have at hand and that they burned their quipus, saying that again they had to begin the New World of Ticci Capac Inca, that this they called Atau Huallpa Inca, and gave to the news of which were, which walked by mounts frightened by the last tyrants. Vaca de Castro sent for them and they brought before him four very old ones. | ||
| . . Although we have quoted from The Incas Speak [Original book in Spanish](Chronic of Collapina, Supno, Inca Garcilaso, Felipe Guaman Poma, Titu Cusi and Juan Santacruz Pachacuti, Memory Collection N° 5, Compilation and Editing of Manuel Espinosa Apolo, Factory of Andean Studies, Quito, 2000. ISBN: 9978-41-171-2. Rights of author: 013469), our visitor must know that there are several editings from 1920, for example the Relation of the descendants, government and conquers of the Incas [Original book in Spanish](Collapina, Supno and other Quipucamayos), Collection Classic Peruvian, Prologue and colofon of Juan Jose Vega, Lima, University Library, 1974. |
||
.
.
.
.
| Also we present to our visitor a quotation from the General History of Peru by Martin de Murua that narrates the situation in which were the settlers of territories****** of the north of the Tahuantinsuyu with the invasion of Atoc and the immediate organization of the defense. | ||
|
||
Chapter XLVIII How Atao Hualpa, knowing that his brother sent people to catch him, prepared for the defense. |
||
| . . |
||
| As
soon as Ato (1) arrived to Tomebamba (2) with the people
of Cuzco, Atao Hualpa (3) was warned of it (4) by spies
and friends, who soon dispatched warning him of the
intention whereupon he came. Of which very distressed,
and afraid that if they caught him he could not escape
with the life, he called Chalco Chima and
Quisquis, that were the Principals in the
Council, and having treated what it seemed to him to
agree commanded to join all the nations whom there is to
the round of Quito, and to all mitimas (5) settled there
by his grandfather Tupa Ynga Yupanqui (6). Ever since he
had them together rose still on and crying straightened
his talk, first at mitimas, and said to them: you already
know, brothers of mine, settled by my father and
grandfather in these parts for guard and repairs of this
land and, loving you with all my heart, because of
helping and defending you I was in your company and now I
do not know what is the cause that my brother (7) detests
us, that no present nor service that I have sent to him
has wanted to receive with a glad face, on the contrary
with disdain has despised it, considering it little and
rejecting with great shame and insults the messengers
which they have gone of my part, being as we are to him
so loyal servants. And then therefore that way he has
wanted it, you already know that if he cathches me you
will suffer together with me because of having been with
you and having favored me. Up to the present what I have
to beg you is that, since you know that I am son of
Huaina Capac (8) like Huascar Ynga, my brother, you help
me with yourselves and all your forces, because I have
spirit to defend my self from all those of the world that
without reason will want to offend me, and to offend them
until death. In saying these reasons Chalco Chima and
Quisquis rose and other captains of mitimas
and said to him that he was right in what he had proposed,
that then his brother had treated them so badly to those
whom to his father had served loyally, and at the cost of
their blood had conquered him so many provinces and
killed many of whom had gone with the body of its father,
accompanying it, and noncontented with this now he sent
people to caught them, as if they were strangers and not
known and as if they have not done their obligations and
were rebellious and inobedientes to their orders, because
we are not women, but men who know and will know to
command our arms and we will defend from all, because Our
Sir moves us so without reason war and he himself demands
and requests to his servants, that skilful we are in the
battles, and in the wars that had your father we have
been and exercised our forces and spirits and is very
right that we defend from him, and make him understand
that we are men in whom determination there is for it. Hearing these reasons Atao Hualpa, rose still on and with much humility and good natured reasons was thanked for it, and because so soonly they offered to his service and they had responded to him according to his will and desire said to them: brothers of mine, who are prepared in everything and by everything to follow me, from today walk warned with the arms in the hands, taking the necessary things, like people who are in border of enemies. Heard this the mitimas came to seat, doing great reverence to Ato Hualpa. Which, after to have spoken with them, ordered to call before himself the natural ones (9) of the land and provinces of the round of Quito, which were seattled by ayllos (10), listening to the reasons that happened with mitimas and now that have come before him said to them: you already know, brothers of mine, what I have talked and said to the mitimas; now I want to tell you what I have in my chest and is that you will remember well how my father conquered you and knocked down by force of arms and to your parents and brothers he took from this land to Cuzco, captives and imprisoned to prevail on them by means of his value and greatness. And he is to you well-known how I am inheriting son and my brother Huascar Ynga, being I so loyal and subject to him and not having broken in anything his mandate has treated me and treats me like enemy, and now he begins unjust war to me and without reason and because of you having given me favor I believe that he must knock you down and rob you this time like the first time, that of the last destruction you are not recovered nor even you are returned in your first being. I am with determination to defend my self with the arms in the hands until dying and not allowing that any offense is done to you. You watch, brothers of mine, what you think you have to do, because you know well and you have seen how I have had you as such and that no bad thing I have done to you nor I allowed is done to you, but all good treating, and for this remember of as much multitude as of you killed my father in Yahuarcocha (11) and other parts, and although not being but for revenge of it you have to do this that I beg and request from you. These last reasons said to them, because when they understood what it was dealt with mitimas, they had said to him: how Sir you want to surpass your brother being so powerful Ynga and that it has as much number of soldiers? but as he remembered the works and destructions that through them had passed in the wars and conquests, and the deaths of their peoples, said all at once that they would continue doing his will, and that all were very well in it, that he would have to watch what he did, that prepared they had their arms to favor him. Then, very contented Atao Hualpa of this answer of the natural ones and very satisfied with their good spirit and will, to confirm them more in their intention and determination, sended to bring out great amount of clothes of every class, silver and gold and other things of value from the deposit of his father and, with show of liberality and love, and magnificentia, distributed it in all that people according to the quality and merit of each one, with which all were left in extreme contentment and satisfy of the bravery of Atao Hualpa and they armed themselves secretly. |
||
.
.
.
| Finally we quote a text of Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala from his New Chronicle and Good Government (finished between 1613 and 1615), in which his pro-official tendency of defense of the Inca tradition to maintain the power in the "legitimate one" can be noticed, as well as it clarifies what is due to understand by "Inca." | ||
| . . |
||
|
||
| In the law of ingas it was ordered to be king Capac Apo Inga does not mean King but that Inga there is low people like chilque inga, potter; acos inga, fibber, uaroc inga llullauaroc, liar, mayo inga, that one who gives false testimony, quilliscachi equeca inga, the one that takes to gadgets and lies, poquiscolla millmarinre, these are ingas and thus neither king, nor duke, nor count, nor marquess, nor gentlemen ingas, but they are low people and potters, Capac Apo Inga is perfect king, and the gentlemen are auquiconas and ladies nustaconas; as they say Uiracocha they call him in common to the Spanish foreigner, Jew, Moor, Turk, English and French, who all are Spanish Uiracochas, thus are ingas, that for beeing king Capac Apo Inga has to be by legitimate force of its woman queen Capac Apo Coya, and has to be married with his sister or his mother, and to this one his father the sun has to call him in the temple and name him so that he is king; and they did not care if he is older or not but to who was chosen by the sun, and be legitimate, and at the bastards auquiconas they called him half-breed, all of it saying for good justice and to know of how finished kings Capac Apo Ingaconas, and was end of Topa Cusi Gualpa Guascar Inga; later continues Uiracocha king don Felipe third Inga, who God keeps to him, amen. They finished reigning twelve ingas thousand and five hundred and twenty and two years; in this time Don Francisco Pizarro and Don Diego de Almagro, ambassador of the king emperor Carlos, jumped in this kingdom before these two kings Uascar Inga and Atagualpa Inga were dead. | ||
| . . |
||
| Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe, New chronicle and good government, Ayacucho Library, Caracas, 1980. Volume I, pages 85 and 86. | ||
.
.
.
|
Notes.-
(1) This name was also written "Atoc". He was head of the troops sent by Huascar to invade the territories of Atahualpa. This invasion took place in 1530.
(2) Tomebamba is the present city of Cuenca, in the south of the actual Ecuador.
(3) Atahualpa. The Spaniards wrote in different ways concepts or geographic and people's names. For Atahualpa, they also wrote: Atabalipa, Atahuallpa, Atau Huallpa, etc.
(4) Along these old texts there are expressions that today we do not use in Spanish. One is here. But, for the purposes of this web page it is useless and maybe impossible to show them in English.
(5) Mitimaes (in Spanish, with an accent in the letter "a"). When the Incas invaded territories proceeded according to this expatriating practice that consisted of taking out the peoples from their native places, the rebels and the useful (craftsmen, goldsmiths, etc.) in order to, in the first case, calm possible rises and in the latter to instruct the submissive towns in their productive practices.
(6) (d. 1488) First invading Inca of the lands towards the north of the Inca territory. After him came Huaina Capac who culminated the conquest. Atahualpa was son of Huaina Capac.
(7) He is talking about to Topa Cusi Gualpa Guascar Inca (d. 1532), more known as Huascar (in Spanish, with an accent in the first letter "a").
(8) Huaina Capac ("Capac" in Spanish, with an accent in the first letter "a") dies in Quito in 1525 and divides the Tahuantinsuyu in two parts, one for Huascar (Cusco) and the other for Atahualpa (Quito). Huaina Capac culminated the conquest of the Chinchaysuyu (that his father had initiated) and it remained living decades in Quito, where he had his Atahualpa son, in a woman of this conquered territory.
(9) The text here says "los naturales". We translate this textually in the hope the english reader understands that he is talking about the people that lived there before the Inca invasion.
(10) Basic social organization of the Andes.
(11) Neighboring Lake to the present city of Ibarra. There the last war took place with which the conquest led by Huaina Capac was sealed. Very bloody war, the lake was colured in blood, thus its name of "lake of blood" or "Yahuarcocha."
