--Mastication: breaking down food particles and mixing it with saliva
--Vestible: narrow space in between teeth, cheeks and lips
--Oral cavity: camber between palate and tongue
--Salivary glads: release saliva; contains bicarbonate, amylase, and mucus
--Lips: highly mobile structures that surrounds mouth opening. It protects and keeps mouth wet.
--Tongue: think muscle organ covered by mucous membrane
--Amylase: digest starch
--Teeth: hardest part of body, not a part of skeletal ssytem
--Palate: speech, movoing food
--Frenulum: connects tongue to floor of mouth
--Epiglottis: flap of cartilge, allows air into tranchea and food into esophagus
Esophagus:
--Peristalsis: mixes and regulates flow of sbustance through small intestine
--Lower Esophageal Sphincter: closes entrance of stomach, prevents acid splashing into esophagus
Stomach:
-Fundic regions -body -rugae -pyloric sphincter
A. Gastric Glands: "gastric juice"
1-digestive enzymes (pepsin) 2- mucous 3-HCL 4-Intrinsic factor
B. Pepsinogen
Inactive --> Hits HCl --> acitve
Pepsin: breaks down proteins
C. Gastric lipase: very small amounts of fat are digested
D. Gastrin and Histamine:
1. Gastrin: hormone that stimulates gastric secretions
2. Histamine: promotes secretion
E. Chyme: mixture of food, mucous, and gastric juices
F. Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
-Hormone secreted by duodenum, allows sphincter to open/close.
-Separated byl duodenum in response to acid and fat
-Acts to inhibit gastric emptying and acid secretion
-Provides time for acid to be neutralized and fat digested in duodenum
Pancreas and Duodenum
A. Function of Pancreas
1. Endocrine: secrete hormones to regulate blood sugar
2. Exocrine function: digestive enzymes: secretes insulin, glucagon
- secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum: Pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsinogen,
caroxy peptidase, nucleusus.
Diabetes
Caused by a mutation in DNA that codes for insulin, causes insulin to be less functional.
Symptoms: increase blood sugar/ excessive urination
Liver: An organ with many functions
A. Blood Glucose: Helps maintian normal level
B. Storage: 1. glycogen 2. iron 3. Vitamins A,D&B12 4. Blood
C. Synthesize fats
D. Protein Metabolism
1. Forms urea (from excess nitrogen)
2. Makes clotting factors
E. Produces Bile - digestion of fats
Gall Bladder and Bile
A. Gall Bladder: stores bile, secretes it into duodenum via cystic duct and then common bile duct
B. Bile - yellow-grean substance
- Contians bile salts, pigments, cholesterol and electrolytes; no enxymes, emulsify fats, aid digestive enzymes + absorptions
Small Intestines
A. Duodenum: portion attached to stomach, common bile duct and pancreas
B. Jejunum: portion of sm intestine in b/w duodenum and ileum (absorption of food/nutrients)
C. Ileum: remaining portion, very little absorption
D. Mesentery: Support Jejunum + Ileum and contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels.
E. Peristalsis: mixes and regulates flow of substances through sm. intestine
F. Diarrhea: peristalic rush caused by infection or irritation
-Leck of absorbtion of water to colon
G. Epithelial cells
1. peptidase 2. maltase 3. lactase 4. lipase
Large Intestines
Parts listed in order of direction of waste movement
A. Caecum F. Anus
B. Appendix G. Functions
C. Colon 1. absorption of water 2. excrete waste/contains many bacteria
D. Rectum H. Diarrhea: not enough absorption
E. Anal Canal I. Constipation: too much absorption
