By using paradoxical and equivocal language, Shakespeare creates an eerie mood right from the start. The statement "fair is foul and foul is fair" (1,1,11) sets the scene for the play, in that not everything is as it appears. Macbeth's first lines "So foul and fair a day I have not seen," (1, 3, 38) are a parallel to how things are in the play. (e.g.. Lady Macbeth starts off foul then turns somewhat fair, Macbeth starts off fair then turns foul.)
The witches are
one of the main devises used by Shakespeare to set the mood. The
witches begin right away with prophecies for Macbeth.
"All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor!" (1,
3, 58)
"All hail, Macbeth! that shalt be king here after." (1,
3, 59)
Macbeth is freaked out that the
witches know who he is, and that he is Thane of Glamis. He takes
the prophecies lightly. At this point he is not ready to take extra
action to make the prophecies come true.
The witches then
give prophecies to Banquo to further the mood.
"Lesser than Macbeth, and greater."
(1, 3, 65)
"Not so happy, yet happier." (1, 3, 66)
"Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none:" (1,
3, 67)
These statements may be confusing
at first but they start to come together as the play progresses.
Banquo is lesser than Macbeth in that Macbeth is a king and Banquo is only
a thane. But greater as far a nobility is concerned. Macbeth
is never happy after he kills Duncan. Banquo is not so happy because
he suspects Macbeth but he is still happier than Macbeth.
The porter scene
is used as comic relief for the audience, but many paradoxical and equivocal
statements reveal what has happened and what will happen.
"If a man were porter of hell-gate, he should have old turning
the key." (2, 3, 1-2)
"Who's there, i' the name of Beelzebub?"
(2, 3, 3-4)
"Faith, here's an equivocator, that could swear in both the
scales against either scale; who committed treason
enough for God's sake, yet could not equivocate to heaven:" (2,
3, 8-11)
The porter is pretending to be
the porter of hell, not knowing the evil that make Macbeth's castle much
like hell.
By now Macbeth
is trying to change his fate. He goes to the witches for more prophecies
to try and give himself some more confidence. The witches prophecies
are again in paradox and equivocal language and are in the form of apparitions.
An armed Head, a bloody Child, and a child crowned, with a tree in hand.
"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware Macduff:
Beware the Thane of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough."
This apparition causes Macbeth
to fear Macduff, but the next two apparitions give him confidence.
They trick him into thinking he is unstoppable.
The second apparition is a scary
sight for the audience. A bloody child. This would advance
the mood further by creating an atmosphere of blood and gore.
"Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn
The power of man, for none of woman born
Shall harm Macbeth."
Macbeth
takes this as good news, thinking no one will be able to defeat him.
In the end of the play we find out that Macduff, who Macbeth is warned
about, was born by a cesarean section, therefore is not "of woman
born"
The third apparition
is a child crowned, with a tree in his hand.
"Be lion-mettl'd, proud, and take no care
Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are:
Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be until
Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill
Shall come against him."
The witches
make Macbeth think he is invisible. They pretty much say don't worry
just have fun, be bad, do what you want.
The mood in Macbeth is created using several effective techniques. Paradox and equivocal statement help progress the mood but making people think. While they may be able to see some things through props and acting, Shakespeare lets the audience use their mind to create a scene unique to themselves.