Gendered Assumptions and Their Effect On Women's Education
    Throughout history and time there has been a systematically gendered division in regards to the traits, and specifically for educational purposes, the mental compositions of human beings.  Unfortunately for women, the more valued and privileged end of the dichotomy has most often, if not always been the masculine.  The Early Modern period in England is no exception to this rule.  One has only to look over a couple of courtesy books, one of the only acceptable materials women were supposed to and �allowed� to read.  As dictated by these books, �the ideals for women were passive: chastity, kindness, piety, temperance, beauty, sometimes learning, and always patience, charity, constancy, and obedience.�1   The typical English woman, in theory, sacrifices, has little to no autonomy, is in no way assertive (which means she can not speak), and obedient.  Elizabeth Joceline, in speaking to her unborn child stated, �Remember thou are a Maid, and such ought thy modesty to bee, that thou shouldst scarce speak, but when thou answerest.�2   While this description is to apply to all women, the situation only worsened once she was married, which all women were expected to do.  Sermons preached at weddings dictated how the wife is to conduct herself and her actions in regards to her husband.  A sermon by Edwin Sandys offers an example:
�Though a man should honor and love his wife, God gave her the law of subjection because of her transgression.  Thus she should willingly and dutifully obey her husband, �else she disobeyeth that God who created woman for man�s sake and hath appointed man to be woman�s governor.�3
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    The heterosocial element of society kept the gendered, hierarchal standards such that any power women did have as a single woman was lost after the socially required marriage.  The end result is the structured arenas of the private, feminine home and the public, masculine world in which the dichotomy �applied more to husbands and wives than to men and women.�4   The refinement of this point is essential to make because the end result of the unavoidable marriage is a woman�s loss of all power as she becomes a �femme covert� and the process leading up to her inevitable marriage is highly influential in regards to her education, or lack thereof.  The idea of women theoretically existing only within the private sphere begs the logic that an education, which is only truly valuable in the pubic sphere, is useless for a female.  
     Richard Mulcaster�s hegemonic views on woman�s nature and his conclusions of how women should be taught, illustrate one of the many opinions on how close women could come to the line of being educated without any danger of her actually gaining some type of knowledge.  In his book
Positions the Training Up of Children: ��young maidens must give me leave to speak of boys first: because naturally the male is more worthy, and politically his is more employed.�5   This is a perfect example of where women theoretically existed in the sphere of priority and therefore consideration to education.  He continues discussing how education is � �first framed� for male pupils, who then through �courtesy and kindness� �lend��significant verb�education to females.�6   There were some that tried to disarm the hegemonic belief structure that dictated women�s lives.  In Bathsua Makin�s piece entitled Essay to Revive the Ancient Education of Gentlewomen, written in 1673 (during a later time when women�s writing was on the rise), she discusses how  �women were subservient and incapable by reason of custom rather than by their �nature.��7   Of course, while her opinion could actually be heard because more and more women were beginning to print, her theory was not as valued because it went against society�s accepted standards and because she was, unfortunately for her, a woman.  The bottom line in the reality of the Early Modern period is that the feminine was placed at a lower level of significance in regards to education and women in the Early Modern period were extremely lucky to receive any type of instruction.  Women that did gain some form of knowledge did so meeting little support and a multitude of dissent.  But as Pearl Hogrefe points out in Tudor Women, �Certainly many men would have been poorer in material possessions, in the scope and enjoyment of their personal lives, and in their final fame, and England would have achieved only part of its greatness in the Renaissance if women had been passive and subservient.�8
Should women be edcauted?  The Uniequivical YES?
Should women be educated?  The Unequivocal NO!
1 Pearl Hogrefe.  Tudor Women: Commoners and Queens.  (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1975).  3.
 
2 Mary Prior.  Women in English Society 1500-1800.  (London and New York: Methuen, 1985).  214.
 
3 Hogrefe, 7.
 
4 Mavis Mate.  Women in Medieval English Society.  (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).  62.
 
5 Nigel Wheale.  Writing And Society.  (London and New York: Routledge, 1999). 51.
 
6 Wheale, 51.
 
7 Wheale, 52.
 
8 Hogrefe, 9.
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