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RELIGION
AND FOLKLORE IN COLLEDIMACINE:
by
Ugo Falcone
Translated
by Anthony Falcone
NOTE:
There are numerous typographical and translational errors in this
version. This is a work in progress.
"
Poiche living does not offer large compo to speak to us about they,
we speak, or readers, de died that, piu operosi of we, studies left
wide traces de they, and clear of every human passionne, stan queti,
and not sdegano de our judgments. And we will make carita work de
for they, and de utilita for we; perocche many of those defunct ones
ingiustamenta are dementicati, while much right has to the admiration
and the gratefulness ours. "
D.Domenico
Mascetta ***-****-poet Patriot of the Rennaisance/Revolution
Now
one that we have the *** to save from the ***** and remember to the
youthful study and certainly Domenico Mascetta educator, ***, poet
and martyr, of him many, from his numerous ***discepolie (that are
today a great part of the generation seeming gentle, the man from
the sweet mannerism, ****** open and ****, from an air candidly *****,
that inspired sympathy, he was made loving when they came near.
Nature
elected him, all ***** of humility, ***** and ***, one of those men
****
From
"PROFILI ABRUZZESI" Memor
`Don
Domenico Mascetta, canonical of the Cathedral of Chieti, with canonical
don Goffredo Sigismondi di Bomba, don Serafino Grossi di Fara S. Martino,
and with the poet Giavanicenzo Pellicciotti di Gessopalena, in the
years that precede 1848, made part of the ccenacolo teatino, in which,
they discussed the political ideas of the time, allimentarono ideal
of liberty, and, consequently, prepare the land for the events of
1860 and for the festive entrance of Vittorio Emanuele II to Chieti
in October of that year.
Don
Domenico Mascetta was born in Colledimacine, in the Chietino, on 17
June 1816 from an ancient family that boasted relationships with the
Caracci of Bologna, and was educated, first by his uncle, the Archpriest
Mascetta, who was the poest gagliardo and brilliant, author of dialectal
verses still popularly remembered today in Abruzzi, and then in the
Seminary teatin; and, *** ordered sacui, in the same Seminary, had
been person in charge, later on, for the instruction of advanced Grammar.
Those
who knew him report that he had an ingenious *****poderoso, lively
imagination, harmonic voice and was fascinating, that he was an ****
aitante and imposing person, ****ricercatrice of more intimate ****
latebre of the heart, measured gesture and the compound, way that
to ****all'apparire on the pulpit, endured were conquered *****l'affetto
and the attention of the always numerous and always chosen public.
From the nature it had sortito all gifts of oratory sacred, that,
joined to its deep culture, recalling to that time, around to he,
beyond the gioventu studious of the Seminary, also that one of solemnity
attributed reputation to it of optimal deucatore.
E
in greater the religious ones, when it was known that Mascetta would
have preached, ***** accorrevan to tempio the most eminent individuality
from each social class.
In
1848, don Domenico, who was in the flower of his years, had burning
throbbings for the coming of the native land, that he dreamed free
and united, and ****plaudi to the Constitution lavished from Ferdinand
**, but revelo, later on, one of more rebellious to the king perjury,
much to be declared "attendibile politician". This
fact consisted for him cause of one series of persecution, that then
******conchiusero in a political process. In the commemorative
speech that he made in the church of Sant'Agostino di Chieti 12 May
1864 on the defunct Baron don Francisco Sanita, gentlemen chietino
of tried virtu nonche patriot, he, said that, in the years that followed
1848, one "******* political" was a such brand of ******
riprovazione that no conduct, for how much irrepressible, never would
have succeeded to cancel it; and that therefore to "stendere
the hand to one sventurato of this made, rialzarlo from the prostrazione
in which of ordinary falls man that fight with the principle of the
persecution represented from an implacable and ferocious force was
a sin, he was to prepare himself a place in the list of the reprobates;
he was to compromise own the tranquillita one. Nevertheless,
he I find who helped it, and I find it in the Baron don Franceso Sanita,
which, like patron of the arcipretale of Collemachine, then vacant
cure, proposed it for it to the archiepiscopal Curia of Chieti, than
did not approve the nomination.
Where
was don Domenico to Collemcine? For how much he turns out to
me, he went to Collemcine without, for other, definitively abandoning
his chair in the Teatino Seminary, you go to ****risiedrvi to intermittency
of time, and where he exercises his spiritual office for little years
from 1852 to 1854, and that residence, for the effects that are not
derived, it was, later on, injurious. To Colledimacine not ******
inoperoso rest. IT was there where he connected relations with
the patriots of the valley dell'Aventino from Lama, to Palena, to
Montenerodomo, to Torricella; *****ivi, if and true how much it narrates
a much disseminated tradition, in 1854, where he received Giuseppe
Garibaldi clandestinely, who, always being to what it is narrated,
lived for three days in his house, which the patriots convene Simone
Verlengia di Lama, don Serafino Grossi di Fara S. Martino, Vincenzo
Persichetti di Torricella, and Tito de Thomasis di Montenerodomo,
to which they joined Biagio Rossi, Vito Giandolfo, Donato Salvatore
and Paolantonio di Pietrantonio di Colledimacine.
The
scope of the reunion was one to study the eventual actions to carry
out the future for the political Italian cause.
The
effect exercised from don Domenico Mascetta to Colledimacine, perhaps
because of the usual spies, perhaps also for the direct vigilance
of the **** borbonica gendarmeria, **** sfocio in a process that led
him to the jail of Chieti, where he was for a little time with Gianvincenzo
Pellicciotti, F. Auiriti, R. Lanciano, R. de Novellis, and others
of **** eleta formation of the liberals, who then honored l'Abruzzo.
In the process remembered from Beniamino Costantini in the volume
"Azione e reazione negli Abruzzi" (Action and Reaction in
Abruzzo), together with Giovanni Sabatini of Spoleto, Michele Care
of Pescara, Luigi di Giacom of Lama, Camillo di Giacomo of Lama, Nicholas
Vincenzo Bomba of Lama, Girberto Martinelli of Lettopalena, Giuseppe
Mascetta, Sarlo Luigi Mascetta and Sebastiano Mascetta, Emidiana Mascetta
and Rita Giovanelli of Colledimacine, Simone Verlengia of Lama, and
Raffael Reccione of Palena, come charged of "attempting and conspiring
at objects, and destroying and changing the form of government, and
exciting **** sudditi and the inhabitants of the Reign to take arms
against the king, from 1852 in Lama, Colledimacine and elsewhere."
With deliberation of 28 April 1855, it was declared to not have them
placed in a penal procedure, for which they were released with the
others; and, together with him, was placed in prison, he was given
to the ******maccdhia, and that, once, being returned to house, and
having had endured quickly after, the gendarmi to the heel, it was
hidden under the mattress of a bed, under which, in order to mask
it, that it was hidden of under, they were placed of the children
to play; the constitution exceptionally robust, was recovered, under
the mattress, lacking in senses.
What
don Domenico Mascetta had to suffer then is easy to imagine, that,
to the commune's humiliation to the other patriots, those of the *****disdoro
joined, than he it saw to come the life ecclesiastic, to which, like
clergyman, ******sommanente tenva.
He
left from jail serenely as he had entered; and his escape/release
constituted for Chieti a true event: he was accompanied in house of
his friend don Alessandro Gentile, where he lived, from numerous ****
stuolo of admirers and various citizens, came accompanied from those
most near, therefore from his students, than they crowned him.
Great waves of sympathy, especially from young people, affected him
such that, they turned to him, declaring the following sonett, than
unexpected, and that it ***** ritrae the high affective and moral
figure:
"Here,
o youths, ***** you find yourselves
of
elective studies and silver hopes
Oh!
How many times with happy ****
To
your ***** do thoughts turn?
Those
**** don't ever tremble
To
the *****of
***.
Silenced
still... ! in the
And
that *** think, that low cure
You
can *** that **** that listens
All
the dignity of the *****
The
law of happiness wrote a ***
***,
that ***** the human mind:
the
law of pain wrote a god!
His
life, later on, past without **** turbamenti until to 1860, save some
episode, than introduces us to how much fire he always brooded under
the ash of a calm appearance.
During
Ash Wednesday of 1858 foretells on the pulpit of the Cathedral of
Chieti ***** esordendo: -"Today the Church says: Memento homo
quia pulvisa es et pulvere reverteris; I tell you, beloved brothers:
remember that you are dust, and that men you must return"; debut
to which you follow all a hymn to the human dignita and to the triumph
of the civil virtue. A little time after his reduction from
the pulpit, it was known that l'Arcivescovo Nons. De marinis
had inflicted it one ****** puizione inviandolo, for some weeks, in
the Withdrawal of Orosgna.
In
1860, with the disembarkation of Garbaldi and coming of Vittorio Emanuele
II, his figure prevailed, and it, together with Canonico Sigismondi,
had the honor to introduce the king, in occasion of his arrival to
Chieti, the numerous representation of the clergy from the teatina
Archdioceses. In 1863, it was one of the signatory ones of the
petition of the Padre Pazzglia. later on, its life carried out
between the Cathedral and the school, which teaching of the pareggiata
technical School and, for a little time, which spiritual chancellor
of the national Convitto; perhaps and, it would be passed serene opme
that one of the ancient philosophers, if an unpleasant event, caused
from its bonte, he had deeply not upsotten. Don Domenico was
very ****caritatevole. Of the tenderest heart, like all the persons
of high feelings, he broadly helped the poor under whichever garment
they had presented themselves. One evening, while he was returning
home, one of the poor approached, and, with the pretest of having
from him the usual aid, he flashed the blade of a dagger. *****Don
Domenico lead to house with if the poor pretended one, and, veccio
and trepido how he was, I deliver how much to it also possessed not
to receive other evil: but for the received pain, in that same night,
he was hit from apoplexy. He came to himself then from the illness,
but from *****alloria ando losing his natural energy. To speed
up his physical ruin and moral domestic pains concurred also.
The brothers that he tenderly loved, engulfed themselves in disastrous
speculations, that lead them to the ruin. To much ****iattura
he could not resist that organism already debilitated from the disease,
and slowly declining, he died the 11 November 1870, rendering his
spirit to that God that he had greatly loved and preached for.
The
Second in occasion of Christmas of 1851
Ciccio
is born, and been born Ciccio
Comes
to light the large one pasticco
For
oui speaks gentilmente
Gives
many years many people
The
novel scattered just as
tuti
chiedon with grna lena
if
to the court was created
or
was in Naples impastato
but
the report verce
on
such point still tace.
Who
does not say to profane
we
pentrar of love the arcani
more
knowing that the thing
was
finor difficult
to
turn that every response
in
the great part is concorta
imposnendo
to the sovrumano
of
civil and of the parrocchino.
Originated
from Colledimacine (Collis Macinarum).
We
say here of continuation the result of our entomological searches
on the origin of the name of the town of Colledimacine (Collis macinarum).
Il
sintagma and clear orignie latina:
A. Collis
= late Latin collis/is femm. sing. / hill, height, situated sopraelevato.
B. B.
Macinaru = of the/of grinders - genitivo pl. / ae / meant Latin term
that signifies grinder, grinding. Such term, mediated from the
late Greek - mechane- and considered "naturalized" Latin
to all the effects, a lot and true that and constituente part aforesaid
sintagma the current origin of toponimo the very comprehensible one
in running Italian.
This
in order to say that the origin of the surely Latin name and, to identify
mentioned in it collis macinarum. If not it had been in fact
through Latin, the name would have conserved the same accent of the
Greek plural genitivo - mechanon -, transformed in Italian in one
of those ****toponimi sufficiently diffuse that are in Abruzzi that
in Calabria and the Meridione in kind, of the "tripito"
type (from the Greek tripitos the pierced one) and we would have had
therefore toponimo similar to "colle me cano."
It
is naturally a hypothesis, but they exist *** one with the other along
with the fact that the isolated position of the place has isolated
the same one from a marked influence, **** perlomeno in the ****toponomastica,
of the element "greco-pelasgico -. To ulterior demonstration
of this the assenza, already noticed, of the appellativo "peligna."
The
singular doubt that can persist is that one of an eventual variety
meant of the word macina-mechane. It is in Greek that in Latin in
fact the significance of the term space from macina for the grain
to maccinario in kind until maccina from war (cfr. gr. machena).
We
have spoken about the position of Colledimacine, how it is isolated
and predominant, now just because predominant, with function of control
of the below valley, it was surely *****ambita; it was in summary
a position to defend: perhaps just with a war machine of which the
"macine" of today *******are resti.
Also
for the meaining of maccinario one would not lack an explanation:
surely for the pelasgico-type wall constructions they demanded themselves
or normal men of cyclopic constitution or men who helped with macinari
actions to its use!
When
to the realization *****odierna "Colledimacine," various
from that one "Colle delle macine" noticed altrove+***,
cisi does not have to astonish more than much.
Aside
from this, in fact, the possible ****dublice outcome in Italian of
the Latin genitivo plural, the more "correct" - of the grinders
***sara met in the certificate - of grinders through it pronounces
it dialectal, which we will be able ***roprodurre like "colle
dij 'mmacine", simplifying it finally in the written one with
the actual "Colledimacine."
Surely
the principal activity of our ancestors was pastoral, principal source
of their existance.
This
following the course of the season, was carried out in two phases
that had a place in spring and autumn, consisting in the "TRANSUMANZA"
of the crude oil******. With the return of summer, the shepherds,
from the plain of the "TAVOLIERE" applied the crude oil
towards the heights of mounts of Abruzzo, covering a first section
of adriatic coast, and then, ****inoltrandosi along the Sangro valley,
caught up that one of the Aventino, in order then to **** fessare
the tonnages on ours ****pingui striped pastures from small innumerous
watercourses. To the approximate of autumn happened ******demoticazione.
It
is still visible on the ruins of neighbor JUVANUM ****poderosi ruins
of the palace of the VECTIGALIS of the pastorizia already pointed
out like already, where it was paid I pay customs of the transumanza
herds.
Sure
that one of the pastorizia, activity that our predecessors carried
out on immense scale, was much profitable one for our ancient mountainous
populations.
It
derives, from the other, that the frequent contacts with those of
the DAUNI, formed a *****compenetrazione of customs and customs that
they became common to them, not only, but many familiar nuclei of
a zone fixed in the other and viceversa.
TERRITORIAL
ASSETS TOWARDS the **** Of the emperor/empire ROMANO
Under
Emperor Augusto, the order of the italian territory turned out articulated
in REGIONI.
The
populations of the abbruzzesi: the PELIGNI, the FRENTANI, the MARSI,
the MARRUCINI, and the SANNITI were comprised in the 4th REGION.
Emperor
Hadrian, in 199 AD, silenced the previous political ordering, trasforming
italy into 17 REGIONS, to the government of ciascuna of those which
proposed a consul or a Corrector or a Preside.
The
innovation created a particular disorientation between the populations
and between the geographers of the time. The unity: administrative,
before ****demoinate MUNICIPIO and COLONIA they remained abolished
and all the ****prerogatives which they previously enjoyed were cancelled.
In our city rests only the right of *****scgliersi the "decurioni"
that formed the order *****senatorio.
Other
transformations were brought by the Emperor Constatine who divided
Italian territory in many DIOCESES instituting Prefetti of Pretorio
of Italia, of East, of the Illiria and of the Gallie.
At
the *****prefetto pretorio of Italy, that resided in Milan, they depended
on the Vicari of Rome and of Italia together with the Consuls.
The Viario of Rome resided in Rome.
Under
the Vicario of Rome, Constantine ****ripose the SANNIO of which l'Abruzzo
it made part and ****chiamevasi Presidiale Province of the SANNIO
and therefore one says SUBURIBICARIA.
How
it is narrated by historians, the fall of the Roman empire had been
due mainly to the changed internal and external conditions to ****affievolirse
of the feeling of pride of the ancient Romans.
One
determining cause was also the variety of people subject to the domination
of Rome; to the ****lusso unbridled, to the *****ingordigia of the
riccezza and the *****amusements/pleasures, defects that penetrated
into the government, in the administration and in the ****esercito
they ended in order to destroy the ancient virtu of their forefathers,
*****affievolirono the proud feeling of the ****romanita and increased
the external dangers: **** tarlo demolishing that it pulls down the
majestic one and huge secular building of Roma:
Of
the division that came after, the Barbarians profited very soon, and
before them, the ERULI, of Germanic origin led by Odoacre, and then
the GOTHS of Alarico, who also desolated our ***contrade of Abruzzo,
so that when the last king of the GOTHS, TEIA, moved from the Piceno
with its ****orde, in order to help Cuma, in Campania, where Totila,
penultimate king of the Goths, had been besieged from the ***esercito
the Narsete, from the ***Oriente of the Impero gererale.
In
order to bring aid to Cuma, Teia followed the itinerary described
from some historians:
"...
Teja, King of the Goths, a most warlike man, being in the Piceno,
and intending on besieging Cuma, and his treasure in danger, deliberatly
**** soccorrerla and seeing he would not to be able to pass the Appennines
for the pass of Isernia, nor that of Venafro and Cassino, because
he was watched from people of Narse, made his way towards Marsi and
Peligni, and passes in Puglia and **** accampossi at Luceria"
(552-553).
And
what was the way to the Marsi and the Peligni? It is not certain
if it was that of the Adriatic because the historian would have mentioned
the Marrucini and the Frentani, before entering in Puglia. The
historian Cristoforo asserts in its work that the centers of the valley
Aventina and therefore also Colledimachine, between which and supposing
also the ancient JUVANUM, of which ****invano the Madonna di Torricel
seek the cause and time period of the destruction, it was destroyed
by the Goths.^
Violent
waves of barbarians followed, accumulationg ruins on ruins.
Of these, the most violent was the descent of the Lombards in 568.
^Until
today it is thought that according to the Madonna that the city "e
scomparasa for changing detino from each what terrena. From
JUVANUM by Elio Moschetta E.P.P.T. Chieti
The
INVASION Of the Lombards
Ahead
of this infernale cyclone, the few ***Dizantini, were sheltered in
the inside of walls of the coastal city, not only to defend themselves
better but also in order to receive aid from Costantinopole through
the Mediterranean.
From
this terrible lack of luck touches to italia, but relatively the coastal
part of the peninsula, and which means the Veneto shoreline, l?Dsarcato
of Ravenna, the Ducato Roman, the Ducato of Naples, the Puglia and
good part of the Calabria and the Sardinia, in how much the Longobardi
did not have ship? All the remaining territory of the peninsula fell
under the barbarisms in all its efferatezza.
Guided
from Alboino they invaded with entire families and cattle nearly all
the region up to the Sangro river. ****This increment works of fortification
from part of the city that already not they were fortified and the
exile for others. Which route of escape they took our poplazioni
to to come close to of such terrible flagellum? Surely our forefathers
sheltered themselves towards the heights of the Maiella. ****
In fact in contra "Melete" to beyond 1770 meters of altitude,
the De Nino has traced remote traces of human *****staniamenti, like
rests of ****cocci of terracotta and other primitive tools.
To
have an idea of the barbarism of the Lombards, a sufficient example
is the gesture completed by their first king Alboino, that obligated
the wife Rosmunda, daughter of Cunimondo, king of the Gepidi, to drink
in the skull of her father, that the ferocious king had used like
goblet. After the assisination of this human wild animal, to
****work of Rosmunda, the duchi Lombards *****elessero king Autari,
which taken for wives the daughters of the king of the Bavari, Teodolinda,
who was Catholic.
Saint
Bendetto from Norcia, through Teodolinda, induced the Lombards to
become Catholic; in order to embrace a religion that, preaching the
****mitezza and humility, had to help them **** to of ventare less
****** selvag than what until then they were stati.
The
**** Lombard, under the guidance of FAROALDO, already had occupied
great central part of italia and therefore also Abruzzo.
Pushing
along the main valleys of the Pescara, they caught up ***conca the
Sulmonese, irradiandosi on the heights, others orde, going around
the Maiella, occupied the Chietino and penetrating in the valley of
the Aventino, they caught up our comunity, Colledimacine.
It
is superfluous to search the sources to assess their presence in Valle
Aventina, in how much they are enough eloquent the toponomi of some
localities where they took dwelling, like neighboring FARA SAN MARTINO,
LAMA DEI PEILIGNI and FARA FILIORUM PETRI, along the valley of the
Foro, (1) which that stock inseri even further up and is not given
to exclude Colledimacine, Palena, Lama and Taranta.
Other
consideration and ***constituita from the numerous churches dedicated
to Archangle Saint Michael who is their protector. There came
a time also in the territory of Palena that rose over a **** height
altura of the Pizzi mountains, of forehead to the Sanctuary of the
Madonna dell'Altare, where is still visible the ancient ruins of the
church dedicated to Saint Michael the Archangel.
The
Lombards subdivided Abruzzo in seven GASTALDATI: Marsi, Valva, Amiterno,
Forcone, Aprutium (Teramo), Pinne and Teate.
The
"Gastaldo" was the administrative and judiciary head of
one gastaldia. ***Glia inhabitants of the Gastaldato Teatino"
like those of the other gastaldati ones, having juror fedelta to ***Carl
Magno, conserving Lombard laws and customs: "in aprutio servatur
jus; longobardum et illud expedit" (2) *** sicche only the Lombard
laws were the sun that came observed. Every court ***second
those, defined the causes, and second the same ones regulated the
contratui, the sucessioni, the testaments, the punishment of the crimes,
the seizures and all "secundum Longobardum legem" they were
very expeditious and without appeal. (3)
(1)
The Fare were groups of Lombard families that they lived to the dependencies
of a monastery, in which the Abbot, beyond to being their religious
head, was also the civil head of small communities.
(2)
TEIA: Jus Reigns Long., Lib. Iv.
(3)
from the articles of the EDITTO OF ROTARI here are some:
· If
someone has thought or acted against the king, he will be condemned
to death and his assets confiscated.
· If
someone, under the direction of the king, kills another person, he
will have killed under the king's instructions and will owe nothing.
· If
someone kills his landowner, he will be killed.
· If
someone prevents the way to a free woman or to a ***fanciullaossia
he has made some injury to them, he will give a compensation of 90
coins.
· During
the night a "free man" is found in the court (house of an
other), and he does not present his hands to be tied, if he is killed
it will be murdered will not be to redeem himself 80 coins.
· If
someone strikes another in the head in way to break a bone, for one
bone he will compensate 12 coins. If they will have been two,
he will compensate 24 coins.
· If
someone strikes another in the mouth and causes them to lose teeth,
for each tooth he must compensate 19 coins.
· If
a servent dares to wed a free woman or free child, he will incur the
capital punishment. And of she that consented to the servent,
her relatives have the right to kill her and to make what they want
of the things of hers.
· If
someone finds one or more pigs digging in their land, he may kill
one.
Also
in this independent custom we have testimony a few hundred meters
from the town of Colledimacine. Here a natural *****rises dirupo
had to you to the slow arrangement of the earth. Today this
***dirupo corresponds to the name of old Curth - alias Corte vecchia-.
From
history not written but handed down through generations and from memory
that the court about which is spoken to "secundum longobardorum
legem" of stock Lombard, it was composed from old constituent
the court that to they time gathered in a place they used; for Colledimacine
it exactly had been chosen Curte veccia. Today we would call
it the Palaz accio, justice palace. etc. etc. however the function
to part the name was one to administer the law.
From
this *****senile reunion it gushed a sentence and a relatively immediate
execution. This way those condemned to death if ****viera, bound,
came transported of weight in top and from pushed them to imitate
****Dedalo from the East part, which offers a free fall for a hundred
meters and a returned landing on irti and cutting massi.
No
one came back.
***perlomeno
*** and easy not to reperire news in so far as. Them cadvere
it came poorly abandoned to if same preda of rapaci carnivorous animals.
Today
what remains?
It
is not certain that the bones were consumend and eaten by time.
Here remains the history and its testimony: CURTH vecchia.
The
ruins that encircle it are to indicate that this practical one and
in disuse and belongs to the past, and this place of pain and immediate
justice, accommodates from some quiet decade a natural one "residence"
summary and **** invera in the advanced part for foxes, and in the
inferior part for in wild boars.
The
teatine lands, after the fall of the Lombard Reign, were found detached
from the Ducato of Benevento. In fact, the historian Erchenperto
narrates that, when Grimoaldo, getlteman of Benevento, in the year
501 positioned himself the enemy of the Franchi, Carlo Ragno, who
then was in Rome, not receiving submission action, send against him
Pipino, his **** figliuolo, which, ***muovendo from Rome for the Marsica,
and the Peligni, with **** dusse the army to teatine lands that were
watched from the Beneventani and placed seige to Chieti, defense gagliardamente
from Lombard the ROSCHINO, but after courageous fight Pipino occupied
it and set it to flames (4).
In
that age, in Colledimacine existed already one of the first Christian
churches: SANCTA MARIA DE TOMBA founded by the Benedictine Monks of
Saint Vincenzo in Volturno.
Similarly
such monks founded in Palena another Christian church "SANCTA
MARIA DE PALINA" and this comes reconfirmed also from Carl Magno
in the 774. (5)
How
much is given to know of the Lombards and their way to organize people
politically, gains the conviction that they were people, or we can
say a race, in which prevailed the sense of the life and the way to
clearly organize the human forces on the plan of the production.
It
seems that *** es the dettero much importance to agriculture, activity
in which from the beginning of the human civilization, it has ***travata
the authentic sure way for the existance. The inclination towards
agriculture is to demonstrate one particular propensity of those people
to turn to the natural resources more the careful premure, resources
that although rich, ***** one particular dedication, a particular
and tenacious way to believe in the possibility of man combined rationally
to how much the nature can give, but not more **** rigalrci alone.
In fact all ****this that today is *****incoloto to that age it was
not. *** Que I am and to ***attribuirsi to the fact that other
towns were numerous in the zone which: LISCIA PALAZZO, PIZZI SUPERIORE,
PIZZI INFERIORE, CASTRA JOHANNIS ALBERICI (Castelletta), CASARINE,
localita LA TOMBA.
(4)
"Nam tellures teatensium et urbes a dominio Beneventorum tunc
subtractae sunt usque in presens". Mon. Gen Hist. Long., 326
n. (5) Chronicum Volturn. Vol. II, pag. 139.
To
raise the miseries of the escaped to the barbaric avalanche, it was
the great work of the Benedictine monks who, illuminated by the light
of Christianity, instilled love and hope to the sad populations guiding
them back to the rebirth. In 703, after Montecassino rose on
the rivers of the Volturno, other monasteries and, above all, the
monastery of SAINT VINCENZO AL VAOLTURNO, to work of the Count Gisulfo
of Benevento, which provide to equip the Benedictines of an immense
extension of land.
***Ottenuta
this donation, the Benedictines begin the hard fight of ****redenzione
that explodes in all the its vigor with ****monito characteristic
"ORA ET LABORA" addressed to the vassals of the monastery
for giving them an ideal of life.
The
Benedictines pushed themselves quickly after towards the high mountains
of the Abruzzo where before of the highlands they founded a monastery
on the ruins of a temple dedicated to Diana, naming it SANCTA MARIA
DE QUINQUEILIA and from here caught up the valley of the Aventino
founded other churches which include Sancta Maria de Palena and SACTA
MARIA DE TOMBA.
From
historical documentation in 774, Colledimacine (its name had to be
Collis Macinarum) in those old times had certain importance, under
the guise of its position that offered pastures in abundance, water
and stone.
This
operation of material and moral reconstruction was nearly cancelled
in 820 from the incursions of the Saracens that seeded ***** ovunque
terror and destruction. To being taken of sight they were monasteries
and churches; *** sicche of new these mounts were **** estre or but
sure refuges to the devastating fury of the new Barbarians.
Added to this calamity is another in the year 847: the illfamed earthquake
that in the Sannio and Abruzzi all the inhabited centers razed to
the ground, without sparing one building. Luca Ostiense speaks
about the other. (1)
(1)
"Cum annus ab Incarnatione Domini octigesimus quatragesimus septimus
volvueratur, tam terremotus per universam Beneventi fuit regionem,
ut Isernia fere tolta a fundamentis corrueret, multusque ibi populus
et ipse cum eis eorum Pontifex interiret. Apud monasterium quoque
S. Vincenti teerenotus idem plurimasdomos evertit."
***In
spite of not were special laws for the civil protection and the reconstruction,
the Abruzzese with the tenacity that distinguishes themselves in silence
with the own forces fates of these ****** terre.
They
rose possedimenti monastici called "VILLE" or "CASALI"
dedicated to a Saint or Abbot which: S. Silvestro on the territory
of Fallasco ***I know; the villa Cahstra JOHANNI ALBERICI grossly
dictates "Castelletta"; PICZI SUPERIUS and PICZI INFERIUS;
SAINT MARIA DE LA TOMBA.. and every one of these small villages had
one or more small churches, as it turns out from one ***bubble of
Pope Clemente III (1080-1100) conserved in the episcopal curia of
Sulmona. The inhabitants were ***vincoiati to the own church
or monastery from a series of norms established from the Abbots or
getlteman of the place. It brings back only some choices between
the more important or curious.
Everyone
of the coloni and ***held to go to prune the fields of the Church,
and must have food to ****volonta. For every performance in
the mietitura, everyone must have of breads like and be established.
-
Who has a an ass and held to put it to disposition in order to carry
the grain to the Church. Who instead does not have ass, must
put to disposition the bags.
- The peasant when he cuts with a scythe the grass and the grain must
receive the food the morning and the afternoon. In the season
of the ****puttinges, the relatives and the relatives must carry water
the peasants who ***mietono the grain in the ***cmapi. Also the women
must have an adequate recompense.
-
In every flour mill there is a goblet in order to measure the milled
grain, the goblet must have the capacity of one "GIUMELLA"
of grain.
- No one can to hunting without the permission of the Chancellor of
the Church. If in case the monks find a hunter who has taken
a fox, the skin belongs to the church. If someone ****prendera
one ***lepre this the ***apparterra for entire, (to the church).
Who prendera capro dovra ****cederne to the Church a quarter of the
front part.
-
No one can to go fishing without the permission of the Church.
Beyond
the previous invasions the Abruzzo endures also the FRANCAI, which
in gastaldati Lombards replace the COUNTIES. Under the Franchi
resulted that the Reatino Committee had from three sides the MAJELIA,
the Pescara and the sea, and towards south seems was the River tripno.
The
Reate Committee, with that of the Marsi and of Valva constitute to
south the empire's extreme border of Carl Magno and of the Italico
****Reign/Kingdom.
In
the year 1035 however, in southern Italy reaches the Norman commanded
from Gugliemo "Braccio di Ferro" {Arms of Iron}. Guglielmo
died and the Norman military services pass to the command of Roberto
"the Guiscardo" that they free the Puglie from the Bizantini
and the Sicily from the Saracens to work of Ruggero I. Consolidated
their power in the ****meridione the Normans tried to lengthen their
hands on Abruzzo and began with one conduct to the how many strategic
the military operations in the 1061. They spread in the lands
valley of Pescara in the ch were under the jurisdiction of the Monastery
of SAINT CLEMENTE a CASAURIA, subsequently, in the year 1064 the conquest
was continued with greater violence from the son of Goffredo, said
of "loretello," and that it imposed to the monks the ****casauriensi
cdi to dichiararsi vassalli of lui.
The
entire conquest of Narca Teatina then was completed with ***inaudita
violence from Ugo Malmozzetto, *** personaggion of great cruelty,
who fixed his quartier general in Lanciano. It was exactly in
this period of occupation that the Normans caught up Valle Aventina
and crossed Penna Domo, Livanum, Montenero domo, Collis Macinarum,
Picizi, Palena, Monte Porraro upto the highlands of the Majella.
The
other column instead, in the command of Riccardo D'Altavilla, movements
from within, along the Abruzzese ***Appennicico ridge to the conquest
of Marsicane lands and, coming down towards the ***conca of Sulmona,
and then through the ***valico of Forca Palena (Palena Pass), ***
he refer myself congli armed that eran come from the Adriatic side/route.
It
was, in a large way, a maneuver to *****tenaglia for aggiarare the
massicio of the Majella and its contrafforti.
The
conquered abruzzese territory came divided from the natural limits
of the Gran Sasso and the Majella in two Ducati, as revealed from
the "Catalogo dei Baroni."
These
changes determined from wars more or less bloody and characterized
from pitiless ***sacceggi they upset the teatina region, that it had
to endure the hard impositions of the victors those that had *****opposite
greater favorite resistance from their dominant position: between
they those of Colledimacine, Pizzi Palena (Palena Peaks), Forca Palena
(Palena Pass), for which our population, was harried and left in more
disheartening misery and abandonment. Remembering the invasions
from the middle of the 10th century it goes held present that Carl
Magno had had to collect knights for its wars; in the impossiblity
to pay him in currency, he had been forced to pay him with lands and
rights on them; this is how the land patrimony came by hand ***sottrato
by hand the huge patrimonial dominion of the empire/emperor.
Here,
therefore as they came to formarsi the elements of the FEUDO: the
BENEFICIUM, the IMMUMNITAS and the FIDELITAS that created the figure
of the VASSALLO.
The
patrimony land became therefore a precious wealth, powerful means
of subjection because it allowed to the Duca to procure warriors,
recompensing them with the investment of a feudo.
The
conquest of the Normanni upset all barbaric ordering and the name
APRUTION limited until then to the province of Teramo, extended to
all the ancient Abruzzesi ***committees. The feudo and nearly
always an agglomerate of one or more Castles, villages, country houses
and houses scattered in the country; dominant lands, where the word
IN DOMO, some of which are the property of Getlteman to the patrimonial
title, like PALENA IN DOMO, MONTENERO DOMO, PENNE DOMO, precious towns
of strategic character, such as Colledimacine. Other lands are
obtained from the Getlteman IN BENEFICUM, and to their time in all
or part, from he *****subconcesse to smaller vassalli "VALVASSINI",
and therefore nearly all independent, which means independent from
the point of view economico.
They
had thusly TERRE DOMINICHE and TERRE TRIBUTARIE or MASSERICIE, subdivided
in ****poderi small, assigned to free or liberated cultivators.
They created the MANSI where the word MASERICIA comes from. (1)
The
property and the power of the feudatario grew, to ***discapito of
the monasteries, it come creating shorter within of the same one property
that it depended on the main one: from the PALATIUM.
If
one considers the meaning of some toponimi of the high Valle of the
Aventino, which LISCIAPALAZZO, a locality between Colledimacine and
Pizzoferrato; SAINT MARIA DELA Palace, ancient Benedictine monastery,
risen on the ruins of the "Capitolium" easy of the ancient
JUVANUM, we and ***dedurne that the PALATIUM was not other that the
residence pre-eminent of the Baronial Court, ***arrocata over a dominant
position to offer a perfect insurance for defense.
The
feudal system that the Normans carried at the moment of their takeover
while still alive maintained great part of the financial and judicial
administrative orderings of the bizantini, Lombards and Arabs, but
***soffoco every symptom of ****liberat in the great and small centers.
The
feudali State and Gentleman had the right on all the land assets,
like those civic sayings "usi civici." The feudatari
made ***sovente "difese" in order to limit the "jus
pascendi." The famous characteristic that turn out from
the Norman conquest and so the FEUDALE, and of feudal importance and
the more interesting document that remains of the Norman domination
of Italia "Catalogo dei Feudi dell'Italia Meridionale" conserved
in "Registri Angionini" of the Archivio of State of Naples
vol.242 and given to the publisher from the Borrello the 1653, the
Fimiani 1787 and of the King in 1845.
(1)
the Mangus in vulgari italicorum dicitus quantitas terrae que sufficit
duobus bobus in year to laborandum. "It is called MANSO
in vulgar italico, one quantity of earth that covers the possibility
one of work that two *****buoi they make in a year."
The
Borrelli are believed to have compiled at the time of Guglielmo, the
Bond for the Crusade in the Holy Land, but as per some modern writers,
draft of various notebooks, compiled before 1161 and renewed in 1168
for two shipments against the ***bizantino Paleogo and the other against
the Barbarossa.
As
the catalogue says:
The
"CATALOGUS PARONUM," that is the "Catalogo dei Baroni"
that is none other that the registry of the feudal service in province
Neapolitan during the half of the 18th Century Venne compiled from
"Magna Curia" during the Reign of Ruggero the Normanno,
which *****sanci in its Charter, ****oper highly legal regarding the
times, the prerogatives of the monarch on all feudi of Italia the
Meridionale.
In
this "Catalogo" the feudi are listed to all with ****to
flank the respective feudatari; they have listed also the economic
value just of the feudo, ****second the denunciation of the same owner.
It follows, ****endured after, the number of the knights and the scudieri
demands, with increases of the ****servizion military.
I
feudatari came distinguished in two classifications: those who hold
IN DEMANIUM or IN CAPITE a feudo, and those that have only obtained
IN SERVITIUM.
Those
that hold "in demanium" are possessed *****peronalmente
or directly from the king (A DOMINO REGE) the feudo; the second ones,
******posseggono for ****subconcessione.
****Riassumendo,
the feudo consisted for a reason or purpose in a qualunoue property
granted from the king a title of vassallaggio, behind oath of fedelta,
to price of military service, increased by a certain number of knights
in case of war.
L'AUGMENTO,
which means the increase, are not found anymore in the period of the
successive domination, the sveva, in how much the Svevi halved the
quantity of the military service of the "Augment."
Carlo I d'Angio transformed the obligation of the military service
with a taxation in money (ADOHAMENTUM), when the feudatario could
not serve subsequently of persona.
****Abolita
the feudale military service, l'ADOHA remained like one any pecuniaria
contribution of the 25.5% of the value of the feudo.
Every
baron of the Reign that had 20 ounces of gold of feudali entrances,
corresponded to ducati (1) 120 of money, was held to contribute with
a MILE, which means a knight, pertaining to the oders of the nobilta
feudale, fandata on the same value of the cavalier, supplied of crews
and horse (armis ET equis), followed from two SCUDIERI, and these
supplied of crews and horses.
The
division of expenses much elementary, this way it was shared; if ******sufflitto
svogleva within the Reign expenses for the maintenance of the knight
were to cargo of the feudatario; if, instead, military the operations
were carried out outside from the Reign, expenses of maintenance of
the knight were to cargo of "Magna Curia".
These
barons who instead had entered feudali ducati inferiors to 120, unmivano
between they, until catching up, adding, 120 ducati.
Therefore
everyone contributed in proportion to the maintenance of a knight
with two scudieri.
******Si
evince Colledimacine was under the County of Palena together with
Lama, Taranta, Forca Palena (Palena Pass), Rocca di Pizzi, and other
castles (for a total of eleven feudi) and arranged with the increase,
of 25 knights and fifty scudieri: a nourished formation of 75 audacious
and gagliardi knights of the Majella oriental who participated in
the war enterprises of the last centuries. It seems that in
the region peligna furnon the Borrelli accounts, descendants from
Conti vavensi that seem of origin "francorum", to dictate
law.
The
*****strategioa unsata from these ****aucaci, ***spreguidicati and
scaltri signorotti, since the 11th century was to become rich and
powerful at the expense of the assets of the Benedictine monks, obtaining
****the lands or with thin raggiri rapinandole or facendosele yielding
to livello.
(1)
the ducato is equivalent to L. 4?25 of the tempo.
This
is reported also by Muratori in his colossal work "ANNALI D'ITALIA".
"or they studied to peel now gentle now with violence the
curches with promises of an annual canone, and intent on donating
some land in property to the sacred places to induce the bishops and
Abbots with small present advantage to level they assets.
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