Përmet(i)
"City of Roses"
Laver
Bariu's Globestyle CD Songs from the City of Roses:
Pėrmeti is a rather
nondescript town, but in many ways the spiritual heart of Albanian
communism. It was very deeply involved in the anti- Fascist
struggle and as a result was completly burnt down by the Germans
in 1943-1944. So all the buildings are modern. Much of the population
of the surrounding mountains is of Vlach descent.
A British Special
Operations Executive liason officer, T.W. Tilman, passing
through Pėrmet in August 1943, noted the damage the area had
suffered in the Balkan Wars of 1911-1912, and other recent conflict:
''There was no sign of
the war until we reached the town of Pėrmet: but of past wars
there were many, for in this troubled country there are few
places free from scars. The village of Frasher, for example
which we passed had been ravaged by the Greeks in 1914 in company
with 150 other Albanian villages; and on the highest mountains
one would find stone sangards and heaps of spent cartridges
fired by the Greeks in their campaign against the Italians.
Pėrmeti itself had suffered in that campaign, and had recently
been burnt again by the Italians as a reprisal for some partisan
action."
The
town is first mentioned in 15th century
chronicles, although there must almost certainly
have been an ancient settlement on the site. It grew as a small
Ottoman administrative and trade centre, and was an early centre
of the Albanian nationalist movement in the 19th century. It
was also a centre of resistance to Greek irredentism at the
end of that century.
The nationalist association, Bashkimi
(Unity) was formed in Pėrmet in 1909. The 6th Partisan Brigade
was found here by Enver Hoxha and Mehmet Shehu in 1943. On the
24th of May 1944 the anti-Fascist Congress of Liberation
was held, always known in Albania as the Congress of Pėrmet,
which laid the political foundation for the communist take-over
in the autumn of that year.
The town is the
birthplace of some of the most important patriots of Albania.
The Frashëri brothers played a key role in the renaissance
period with their publications and national awakening campaign.
One interesting
site is the "Rock of the City" which stands between the river
and the main city loop highway. If you like hiking and hunting,
Dhëmbeli mountain above Pėrmet, at a height of 2050 metres,
is the perfect place to go. Don't forget to take a dive in the
chilly waters of the Vjosa. The river is very beautiful, particularly
after heavy rain: a torrent rushing over large boulders.
Whereas in other
parts of Southern Albania, especially Gjirokastër, grapes
are used to make the ubiquitous and often-superb Raki
(Grappa), Pėrmet is famous for its raki made from plums, like
the Slivovitsa of Serbia, Croatia, Slovakia etc.
And whereas in
the last days of Gjirokastriote Enver Hoxha the formerly-closed
fortress of Gjirokastër hosted a genuine international
Folk Festival, it is now Përmet which is a centre of musical
excellence.
From
Kim
Burton's notes to the Globestyle recording
of Laver Bariu"Songs of the City of Roses"
:
"When one man travels, he's simply alone; when two
travel, they quarrel; if three travel, they will sing."
"So
they
say in Pėrmet, where in the summer the roses bloom, the blistering
white peak of Dhembel climbs high above and the lazily muscled
river Vjosa pushes its green way through the gorge below. And
music is everywhere in the town. It spills from the doorways,
floats through the mountain night. A young composer carefully
picks out the ragged path of his inspiration on a recalcitrant
and untuned piano; a group of tipsy doctors, birthday celebrants,
suddenly hush, sway their heads together and embark on a rich
and complex polyphonic song of astonishing delicacy; small children
cluster about an old man strumming a battered mandolin, who
gravely directs the patterns of their dance; behind the faded
shutters of a house in a side street the sounds of clarinet
and accordion sway above the beat of a huge tambourine. Two
voices enter, entwine. A third takes up a low drone beneath.
Time seems to slow, a deep and ancient stillness commands the
narrow lanes. A sudden shout breaks the spell. The musicians
stop. The clarinet plays a phrase, repeats it. The music resumes.
"The Master
is rehearsing his group. Usta (The Master - compare the Hindu
title Ustad) Laver Bariu still lives in Pėrmet,
where he was born into a family of musicians in 1929. His father,
Bari Nurka, was a singer who accompanied himself on the llaute,
and the young Laver grew up hearing its rhythms as he lay in
bed in the evenings. His musical ambitions started early. At
first he wanted to play the gajde, the local form of the bagpipe,
but his family was too poor to be able to afford to buy one.
The boy decided to make his own.
"'First of all I went from my home to the butcher's
shop, and there I took a piece of offal that was being thrown
away. I washed it and dried it in the sun, and blew it up just
like a gajde, and made some little reedpipes, and stuck them
in. Well, this was my gajde, It smelt very bad but I didn't
care. I kept it hidden at home, in secret. My mother said 'what
is that dreadful smell?' but she couldn't find it. Then one
day my father came home and found me playing, shouted at me...and
that was the end of my gajde. But my father could see that I
was going to be a musician, so he started to teach me the
llaute."'
"Although he
was learning to play, he still didn't
have an instrument of his own, so he continued to experiment.
His next home-made instrument was a drum-kit, or xhez
(from the English "jazz") as it called in Albania.
"'I
got some wood and bits of metal and made a bass drum and played
that with my foot while I banged on the table at the same time,
to make sound like a xhez. Then I made a def for
myself, which was better, and I used to play all the time at
home.'
"On Good Friday
of 1939 Italy invaded Albania. German troops followed, and the
war brought privation and destruction to Permet - the town was
burnt four times, once by the Italians, and three times by the
Germans - as well as the honour of hosting the first Anti-fascist
National Liberation Congress in 1944.
"To Laver Bariu,
by the one of the ironies that war breeds, it brought the start
of a musical career.
"'When
the war between Italy and Greece began a Greek clarinetist came
to town, and he became our neighbor. He couldn't work because
he didn't have any other musicians with him except his brother
who was a llautar, but when he heard me practicing in the house
he took me to play the jazz and def, and my father to play the
llaute, and made a little band. We used to play at weddings
and there was a club in town where we used to play every night.
I listened to him playing the clarinet every night and I got
a little crazy. I told my father 'Buy me a clarinet or I'll
drown myself in the river!' He could see I was serious,
and so I started to play clarinet a bit.'
"By the age
of 16 Laver Bariu had become known as a llautar, and it was
in this role that he travelled to Korce, the largest town of
Toskeria and an important gathering place for itinerant musicians.
Here he played with, among others, the influential clarinetist
Vangjel Leskoviku, practicing the clarinet when he was able.
"I was young, my mind was fresh, I listened
to all the pieces I could, learned them by heart and when I
returned to Permet I started a proper group with my friends.
And I've led a group for 45 years." In those years Laver
Bariu has become one of the best known and most respected musicians
in the country. To watch him rehearsing his musicians is to
watch a musical intelligence of a very high order at work. There
is no doubt who is in charge as he takes up the llaute to illustrate
a point of harmony or rhythm, or explains the subtle difference
between one type of glissando and another. A mistake is greeted
with impatient banging on the table and a repeated explanation,
only when he is satisfied does the musician merit an approving
cry of "Bravo!", or the highest accolade of all, "Brenda!" (Inside!).
Let the last word be his:
"I've played all over Albania, I've been
given prizes and diplomas, they made me an Artist Of Merit,
all these things. But I never went to school: I still can't
read a note of music. I may not be so young, my children are
grown up and I don't need to work. But music is music and I
would be ashamed to not play."
"The music of Permet stems from the confluence
of several different musical currents, for it is the meeting
place of Laberia and Toskeria. The Labs and Tosks, inheritors
of ancient tribal names, are the two main ethnic sub-groups
of southern Albania, and although the music of the Labs is tough
and rhythmically powerful, while the Tosks sing more freely
and fluidly, both groups share one striking characteristic.
Unlike most European folk music their songs are truly polyphonic,
with more than one voice sounding simultaneously, each moving
independently above a vocal drone called the iso. The
style, which is very ancient, is found beyond the borders of
Albania in areas where there is, or was once, an Albanian population.
It can be heard in northwestern Greece and southwestern Macedonia,
where it is sung by the local Greek and Vlach population as
well as Albanians, and even further afield, in southern Italy,
where the Arbëreshi live, descendants of Albanians that
emigrated after the Ottoman invasion of the Balkans in the late
fifteenth century.
Towards the end of the 19th century small
instrumental groups called saze appeared in the towns
of Epirus - what is now southern Albania and northwestern Greece.
Sometimes accompanying singers and sometimes playing purely
instrumental music for dancing or for listening, they had, and
have, no rigidly fixed instrumentation, but are typically led
by a clarinet. A violin often takes the role of second voice
or provides a gently rocking ostinato. Harmonic and rhythmic
elements are provided by a llaute, a deep-bellied fretted
lute. Variations of this basic pattern range from a rough and
ready village band of clarinet, accordion and snare drum to
a group like the one on this recording, which has a second clarinettist
instead of a violin, and adds an accordion (which is played
by Laver Bariu's brother, Lefter Nurka) and a def, a
large tambourine.
Although the def is widely used throughout
the south of the country and further abroad, the people of Përmet
credit Laver Bariu with introducing it to instrumental groups
in the town, where it used to be played exclusively by women.
The richness and complexity of the vocal music is echoed by
two of the instrumental pieces on this recording. They are kaba,
rhapsody, part composed and part improvised musical meditations
that draw upon a set of phrases and figures that are combined
and recombined to produce a music that at the same time sounds
both ancient and freshly minted. Laver Bariu is celebrated as
a player of kaba, and so many of the younger generation
have followed his lead that it's possible to talk of a "Laver
style" which has spread far beyond Përmet and its immediate
area. The melodies are ornamented with swoops, glides and growls
of an almost vocal quality, in a manner that suggests a debt
to the very widespread custom of singing funeral laments at
the deathbed or the graveside. The musicians often refer to
kaba as "music with tears" (Pjesa Vajtimi) and tell a
story of its origins: 'Once a clarinetist was married to
a wife that he loved very much, but the day came when she had
to die. As she lay dying she called her husband to her and spoke
to him. 'When I am dead,' she told to him, 'do not weep for
me, but let your clarinet weep for me instead.' And so when
she was, he played a lament for her.' This was the first
kaba. ""
with acknowledgement to the Laver Bariu
website
http://www.albania-info.com/laveri.html (now
no longer exist)
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