This is an essential basis for understanding the homosexual orientation.
Practically all psychologists now accept it as a fact. Through history,
same gender sexual activity was universally considered to be the deliberate
- and so culpable - perverted behaviour off heterosexual people. Advances
in psychology, in the last 100 years have shown that not all people are
heterosexual; some are homosexual, and their homosexuality is part of their
personality, not a deliberate choice.
"Survey after survey shows that 5-10
per cent of men and women have an exclusive homosexual orientation. I use
the word 'exclusive' because, as Kinsey first showed, homosexual orientation
is on a spectrum from total to minimal."
[Jack Dominion: "The Tablet" 09/08/03]
Evidence that homosexuality is unchangeable includes:
The thousands of young homosexuals who take their own lives each year,
despairing of changing their orientation.
The thousands who consult pastors and counsellors, wanting assistance in
dealing with their orientation.
The very small percentage of these who it is reported are "cured",
The millions who remain "in the closet," not wanting anyone to learn of
their orientation.
An American Psychological Association President has stated:
"There is no scientific evidence that reparative
or conversion therapy
is effective in changing a person's sexual orientation.
There is, however, evidence that this type of
therapy can be destructive."
While I do not recall making any "choice" about being gay, and do recall
going through considerable turmoil, I can now say that if I were given
a choice to be gay or heterosexual, I would choose to be gay. Furthermore,
I think many people who are functional heterosexuals, could choose to come
out as gay. I think fewer gay people could make the converse choice, mainly
because it is very difficult to come out: most functional homosexuals have
had to exhaustively investigate their own sexuality, whereas most functional
heterosexuals have not.
I expect that as homosexuality becomes more acceptable, more functional
heterosexuals will chose to self identify as gay. Ultimately, as being
gay or being straight becomes equally acceptable, I suspect up to a third
of the population might become functionally homosexual for part of their
lives. In these circumstances, it will also be the case that many gay people
will decide for some period in their lives to live with a member of the
opposite sex. In the prevailing social conditions it is far easier for
gays to "recruit" straights than for straights to "save gays".
Whether
sexuality is determined by genetics or by nurture is of no moral significance
Many anti-gay groups are keen to show that homosexuality is "learned
behaviour". From this they try to infer that it can be unlearned. Since
there is increasing evidence that many aspects of personality are to a
degree genetically determined, this is liable to be a losing battle. Some
commentators hope that such groups will have to accept gays when they are
proved wrong on this issue.
While biological research is finding impressive correlations involving
the homosexual condition, up to a third of homosexuals do not exhibit any
of those biological traits identified as correlative. Furthermore, the
social and cultural expression of sexuality has varied greatly over time
and culture. In some societies virtually all men seem to have had some
homosexual relationships during their lives, in others very few. So it
is clear that patterns of sexual behaviour are culturally formed. In this
sense, sexuality is indeed "learned behaviour". One of the important processes
in almost all cultural constructions is the process of reification whereby
arbitrary cultural conventions come to be regarded as "natural". One observable
reification is the belief of many modern heterosexuals that their pattern
of sexual behaviour is "natural". Another would be the belief of many gay
people that they were "made that way".
The moral issue is not really about "choice" or "non-choice". While
people who argue that they did not have a choice regarding their sexuality
may be correct, such a statement has no moral force. Indeed it may seem
to imply that "if I did have a choice, I would not have chosen to be gay".
In other words the contention of the anti-gay forces that homosexuality
is wrong is implicitly accepted, and one is making a "special pleading"
argument.
To the degree that a person is predisposed to behave in a certain way
because of their genes, the degree of vice or virtue that can be associated
with such behaviour is reduced. However, the moral evaluation of
either the homosexual orientation or of homosexual behaviour, per se, would
not be affected. Such an evaluation is based on issues such as Biblical
texts, natural law theory, and assertions about "The Common Good".
The homosexual
should not be thought of in sexual terms.
Homosexuality is not a behaviour so much as an aspect of personality.
It is unfortunate that heterosexuals often focus on same gender sexual
activity when they think about homosexuality. To do so is to miss the
point of the larger context of a same gender emotive relationship. It is
to dehumanize and depersonalize gays and lesbians, caricaturing them only
in terms of their sexual activities rather than seeing them as whole persons
with lives that include more than sex.
The homosexual has all the interests and concerns in life that a heterosexual
has. Whatever importance sex has for the heterosexual, it has the same
importance for the homosexual: no more, no less. A homosexual is a person
who falls in love with someone of the same gender.
What makes a heterosexual, fall in love with a person of the opposite gender?
I can't say: it is some innate characteristic of their makeup. In the homosexual,
that characteristic works differently, and the falling-in-love process
is directed at someone of the same gender. It is no more a matter of lust
than it is for a heterosexual.
If when you look at a heterosexual man or woman, you do not immediately
think of sex: when you look at a gay or a lesbian, you should not immediately
think of sex. Gay folk are people: with needs and concerns; failures and
successes; sorrows and joys: plus lots of problems that heterosexuals
do not have.
Gays and lesbians
have the potential for outstanding character and accomplishment.
It is well known that while certain characteristics are dominant in men
and others dominant in women, all people have some of both characteristics.
Psychologists have found that the average gay man has an exceptional supply
of feminine characteristics, and the average lesbian has an exceptional
supply of male characteristics. Psychologists are recognizing that this
special combination of characteristics in homosexuals often results in
their having exceptional potential. The eminent psychologist Jung gives
five positive aspects of the homosexual male:
This [homosexuality] gives him a great capacity for friendship,
which often creates ties of astonishing tenderness between men, and may
even rescue friendship between the sexes from its limbo of the impossible.
He may have good taste and an aesthetic sense
which are fostered by the presence of a feminine streak.
Then, he may be supremely gifted as a teacher
because of his almost feminine insight and tact.
He is likely to have a feeling for history, and to be conservative in the
best sense and cherish the values of the
past.
Often he is endowed with a wealth of religious feelings, which help him
to bring the ecclesia spiritualis [the spiritual
church] into reality, and a spiritual receptivity which makes him responsive
to revelation.
The burden
imposed on homosexuals by society is a great evil.
We should stand in revulsion against, and do all we can to oppose, the
prejudice, the hatreds, and the condemnation of a society that make the
homosexual's life so difficult. The evidence is overwhelming that our society
is pervaded by a strong fear and a deep
hatred of lesbians and gay men. This hatred and fear are manifested
in discrimination, oppressive laws, social practices, bullying
in our schools, and the official teaching
of the Catholic Church. Homosexuals do not have the natural protection
of the law that others have. There are laws against discrimination on the
basis of race and national origin, but only one fifth of the states of
the U.S.A. have laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual
orientation, and the U.K. has none.
Many problems make a positive adjustment to a homosexual life extremely
difficult. Among these can be enumerated:
The agonies of remorse and self torture over what they feel to be their
immoral desires, whether these arise from conscious identity with the condemnations
of Church; government agencies; and society, or from neurotic conflicts
within themselves.
Their vulnerability to blackmail and other forms of intimidation.
Their status of being outside the normal protection of the law.
Their need to conceal their true identity from public view, from fear that
accidental revelation could result in:
loss of their job,
expulsion from school,
dishonourable discharge from military service,
loss of future security and job opportunities,
loss of friends and the respect of family and dependants.
Their propensity to sexual promiscuity because they are disallowed any
complete interpersonal relationship; and the resulting tendency for sexual
desires indulged in, but never fully satisfied, to occupy a disproportionate
place in their life.
The threat of ultimate loneliness to one to whom all the normal structures
of society: marriage; children; dependants and so on, are closed.
It should be noted, however, that all these negative aspects of homosexuality
are not due to homosexuality as such, but are the results of society's
attitude to the homosexual.
Full acceptance
by society should be extended to gays and lesbians.
Marriage exists for people to find ways to
live ordered, shared lives. It is intended to be the stablest possible
unit of family life and a stable structure of intimacy. The marriage
vow enshrines love, honour, respect, and mutual support and gives people
access to resources and community acknowledgement that serve to strengthen
their bond. In many ways, gay folk have an easier time of creating a truly
egalitarian, mutual and mature relationship. Indeed, some researchers are
now looking at "the same-sex couple" as a model for more human heterosexual
relationships. Many gays and lesbians want the
right to marry for the same reasons others do: to gain the moral, legal,
social and spiritual benefits conferred on the marrying couple and especially
on their family unit. The material benefits of marriage are considerable,
but it is the moral benefit that is especially attractive to many.
The homosexuality
of gays and lesbians, created by God, is good and not evil.
Homosexuality, as the late Cardinal Hulme recognized, is the basis of much
love in the world. Whatever one things of homosexuality, there can be no
doubt that it is expressed in great devotion between many gay and lesbian
couples. This is its primary claim to goodness. Homosexuality is expressed
as physical pleasure. Although some Christians are suspicious of pleasure,
as both Plato and Aquinas recognized, pleasure is in itself a good. That
homosexuality leads to pleasure is an argument in its favour! Homosexuality
often leads to creativity. As the old Jewish prayer goes, "Blessed art
thou, Lord God, King of the universe, who has made people different". It
is a good in human terms that people are not all the same. That homosexuals
are often at a distance from heterosexual norms leads, for some, to great
creativity, and contributions to human society.
If the heterosexual can say "God made me as I am, a heterosexual": then
gay folk can say God that made them as they are. If God made them that
way: that way is good. God has a purpose for every life: so the lives of
homosexuals have a God-given purpose. Refusing to accept and affirm them
in the same way that you affirm others is to oppose the purposes of God.
I might go as far as to say, that if there were no homosexuals, it would
be necessary for the good of society to invent them. Thankfully, God did
that.
It is
unjust to expect homosexuals to live without intimate sexual relations.
Imposing celibacy on gays and lesbians cannot be supported by the
Bible, is unjustifiable from an ethical
standpoint, and can be damaging psychologically. Many psychiatrists believe:
It is unrealistic to impose celibacy on others, for many persons it is
virtually impossible.
Many of those who attempt celibacy do so for pathological reasons.
Attempting celibacy without a vocation to this life-style will result in
pointless suffering, irrational guilt, and mental disorder.
Growth and maturity require deep and committed relationships in one's life.
A scriptural argument against requiring celibacy can be based on St. Paul's
writing that he does not expect all Church people to be able to be celibate
even for the brief time before the (expected) return of Christ [I
Cor. 7:9].
Once sex is no longer confined to procreative
genital acts, it is no longer possible to argue that sex/love between two
persons of the same gender is not a valid embrace of bodily selves expressing
love. If love is understood primarily theologically, as a Trinitarian
Communion,
rather than in terms of biological concepts such as procreative
complementarity: then the love of persons of the same sex need be no
less valuable than that of persons of differing gender. Nor need their
experience of ecstatic bodily communion be considered to be disordered.
"It has to be recognized .... that these
men and women are fully human, sons and daughters of God for whom Christ
out of love died on the Cross. Any language used in respect of them must
tally with their dignity of having received the love of the Cross that
applies to all humanity. In the light of God's grace there is no justification
whatsoever for regarding homosexuals as second-class citizens."
"Like other human beings - the heterosexual majority
- gay and lesbian men and women need to giive and receive human love. In
the course of my work, I have met many homosexuals. Apart from their sexual
orientation, they match in their human characteristics all the qualities
of hetero-sexual men and women. To think otherwise is to express ignorance,
prejudice and fantasy."
"In light of this fact, Christianity must take
seriously their need to form intimate relationships or bonds through which
they can give and receive love. This love is not different from heterosexual
love. It is not, for example, particularly promiscuous - at least no more
than among heterosexual people. Homosexuals are no less intelligent, talented
and artistic than heterosexual people; if anything, they are more so."
[Jack Dominion:
"The Tablet" 09/08/03]
Homosexuals are
being sinned against by the Church.
The millions of gays and lesbians in the World will never, with few exceptions,
darken the doors of our churches, because they know our attitude toward
them is one of hatred and condemnation. The Church ought to be a haven
of peace and security for gays and lesbians from the insufferable burdens
they bear constantly. While the world knows that the Church despises and
condemns homosexuals, those who hate them find encouragement. The Church
is well aware of the hate and the hate
crimes against lesbians and gays, and should not be silent. She has a responsibility
to fight it. Her silence encourages it.
Who knows how many hundreds of thousands of lives have been lost: to
violence; to suicide; to drugs; to promiscuity; to AIDS; to shattered self-esteem;
to life forever outside the doors of the Church, because the hierarchy
of the Church has colluded with the demeaning and the ostracizing of homosexual
people. In this respect there is blood on the hands of the hierarchy of
the Church.
Why has the hierarchy of the Church abandoned these children of God
to despair and to death? When people are lost and dying by the millions
you shouldn't preach about sexual morality, you should reach out to them:
give them a safe place; listen; talk, love with the love of Christ. The
hierarchy of the Church is shooting and killing Her own wounded. They should
make judgements on the basis of knowledge and the authentic Tradition:
not on groundless feelings and prejudice.
How many homosexuals are
there?
The growing controversy over the role of homosexuals in society has focused
attention on Alfred C. Kinsey's 1948 book "Sexual Behaviour in the Human
Male". Two of Kinsey's findings have received particular publicity:
"37% of the total male population has at least some overt homosexual experience
to the point of orgasm"
"10% of males are more or less exclusively homosexual ... for at least
three years between the ages of 16 and 55"
Modern reworking of Kinsey's raw data doesn't change his conclusions significantly.
Two other modern surveys gave similar results. In 1970 the magazine
"Psychology Today" polled its readers. Of about 20,000 returns, precisely
37% reported a homosexual experience. In 1983 "Playboy" did a similar survey.
From about 100,000 returns came a figure of 35%.
A survey conducted for the National Institute of Mental Health in 1972
showed that about 4% of college educated white males and 2% of college
educated white females are predominantly homosexual.
In a 1994 commercial survey, 5.7% of respondents described themselves
as "gay, homosexual or lesbian". The researchers found that this fraction
increased dramatically with the inclusion of bisexuals in the questionnaire
item.
An academic study of the same year, presented at the Joint Statistical
Meetings in Toronto, found that between 6% and 21% of American males and
between 3% and 18% of American females could be considered at least incidentally
homosexual. The lower estimates were based on reported same-sex sexual
behaviour during the previous 5 years; the higher estimates were based
upon reported homosexual behaviour or attraction since age 15.
Other studies asking about behaviour, desire and self definition have
found that as many as 80% of Americans report some level of homosexual
inclination.
When I was in charge of a student house attached to Bristol University,
it eventually came to my attention that two of the students (apart from
myself) were gay. This was out of a total sample size of twenty-eight.
Now, when I knew these students, I was entirely unaware that any one of
them was gay. They did not come out to me even when I came out to them!
Hence it is quite plausible that others were in fact gay or have subsequently
so self identified. Hence, on the basis of a rather small sample, I would
estimate the percentage of the male UK population who are predominantly
gay as being between 5-10%, which is exactly in line with the above figures.
A story run on CNN's Headline News (Friday, February 26th 1993) offered
divergent statistics on gays in America. In this report, a "general social
survey" was said to reveal that 2% of men and 0.7% of women reported "exclusive
homosexual activity in the preceding year." The survey was said to be a
totally representative, nation-wide, random survey of households, involving
2,243 men and 3,017 women.
Hidden within the answers to other questions are some telling, if convoluted,
numbers:
3% reported performing or receiving oral sex with another man;
of the 20% who reported engaging in anal sex, one quarter (5% of the total
sample) reported male partners;
slightly more than 2% reported any same gender activity.
A cursory consideration [Karin Swann : in "Bad Subjects"
#5, March/April 1993] of this survey's methodology illuminates its
flaws:
Because the survey's assessment was period specific, and age cohort-unspecific,
it is not surprising that these statistics are considerably lower than
the Kinsey Report's.
The survey's assessment of "exclusive homosexual activity" is limited to
gays and lesbians who were sexually active in the past year.
The survey used pollsters who have only a few days of training in sexual
interviewing, rather than professional researchers who have spent years
interviewing in their speciality.
30% of those polled refused to participate, and those that did were asked
for their name and Social Security Number and employer before being asked
to reveal intimate details about their sexual behaviour. Clearly, some
men are going to be inclined to withhold aspects of their sexuality from
a strange woman who has just asked for his employer's name!
Random probability sampling, while excellent for most data gathering, is
inappropriate for ascertaining the incidence of homosexuality. Homosexuals
migrate from rural communities, where it is hard to conceal their orientation,
to the anonymity of large cities, so rural samples will be largely devoid
of them. In the cities homosexuals congregate in gay communities. These
are usually relatively small and therefore easily missed in random sampling.
Worse yet, the custom of interviewing only one member of a household is
disastrous in a gay community, where everyone in a household is apt to
be homosexual.
The 1% "exclusively homosexual" figure effectively rules out bisexual men
as well as men who were involved with women before coming out.
The question also arises: "do statistics concerning respondents who report
exclusively homosexual behaviour realistically assess the number of people
with a homosexual orientation or who should sensibly be categorized as
homosexual?" There are, of course, a myriad of factors which serve to encourage
homosexual invisibility, especially of lesbians, in our society.
In the commentary to the study, researchers admit that "some respondents
may underreport their sexual behaviour..., because of
embarrassment or social unacceptability." The study was not, in fact,
even designed to count gay men. The study was designed to look at risky
behaviour among heterosexuals. "If we wanted to count gays, we would have
done a totally different study," Korsy Taufer, one of the senior researchers
for the study said.
A 2000 survey revealed that 2.8% of UK men had had "at least one male
partner with whom they had had genital contact in the last five years"
- the definition the survey used on a "mann who has sex with men". This
was up from 1.5% in 1990. Nearly four in five of those had had sex with
a man in the previous year. "Any homosexual experience ever" - which includes
kissing and
touching - was up from 6% of men in 1990 to 8.4% of men in 2000. Gay
sexual experience before 16 was reported by 4.5% of men in 2000 - 60% of
it including anal or oral sex. This was up from 3.7% in 1990.
A 2001 UK internet survey (with 850 respondants) found that 2.1% of
women described themselves as either "gay or bisexual". However, just over
5% reported that they had engaged in homo-gender sex and 40% admitted to
lesbian fantasies. 7% of men described themselves as "gay or bisexual",
however another 6% said that they sometimes have sex with other males.
Furthermore, 18 per cent of 'straights' record that at times they have
fantasies about gay sex. Among male homosexuals, 43% sometimes fantasised
about sex with women.