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Individual Differences

The concerns, difficulties and challenges of individual differences are real & present in the workplace

Topics

Points

Elaboration

Individual differences
  • People differences
  • Personality
  • Perception
  • Attitudes & values
  • Expectations
  • Effort
    • Level of differences
  • Individual level
  • Group level
  • Project level
  • Division level
  • Organisational level

    • Basic model
    • Pyramid model
    • Base level
    • Middle level
    • Top level
    • 3 levels
    • Internal, personal aptitude

    • Behaviour + human relations

    • Performance +contribution

    Personality
    • Locus of control
  • Degree of control over own activities & others as well
    • Authoritarianism
  • Extent of recognition of power & status differences
    • Machiavellianism
  • Political manoeuvres
  • "office politics"
    • self-esteem
  • self-fulfilment
    • type A
    • type B
    • competitive, aggressive, impatient, faster
    • patient, understanding, communal, slower

    Problem solving
    • Sensation-thinking
    • Intuition-thinking
    • Sensation-feeling
    • Intuition-feeling
  • Technical: engineer
  • Possibilities: R&D
  • Practical: craftsman, teach
  • Abstractions: artist

    • Perception
    • Definition
  • Process
  • Individual senses & interprets impressions
  • Meanings to environment

    • 4-stage process sequence
    • Selective attention & comprehension
    • Encoding & simplification
    • Storage & retention
    • Retrieval & response
  • Selects from many competing senses
  • Interpret & classification
  • Memory & remember
  • Judgement, decision, action

    • Perceptual distortions
    • Selective perception
    • Expectancy
    • Halo effects
    • Self-serving bias
    • Projection
    • Stereotyping
    • Self-fulfilling prophecy
    • Attribution
  • Heuristics
  • What "should be": "brainwashed"
  • Appearance
  • Tendency
  • "they make me"
  • Group impressions
  • "I believe, so it's true"
  • cause-effect-cause

    • Attitudes & values
    • Attitude
  • Beliefs form attitudes giving actions
    • Values
  • Long-lasting beliefs
  • 2 types:
  • Terminal: towards goal
  • Instrumental: towards the way / path to the destination

    • Issues
    • How to deal with differences?
  • 4 scenarios:
  • can control, can take actions: "do it"
  • can control, cannot take actions: "wait for opportunities"
  • cannot control, take actions: "exhausting, stop"
  • cannot control, cannot take actions: "forget it, avoid it"

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