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Johor is a Malaysian state, located in the southern portion of Peninsular Malaysia. It is one of the most developed states in Malaysia. The state capital city and royal city of Johor is Johor Bahru, formerly known as Tanjung Puteri (Malay for Princess's Cape) and Muar respectively. The old state capital is Johor Lama.
Johor is surrounded by Pahang to the north, Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest, and the Straits of Johorto the south which separates Johor and the Republic of Singapore. The state also shares a maritime border with theRiau Archipelago from the east and Riau mainland on the west by the South China Sea and the Strait of Malaccarespectively, both of Indonesian territories.
Johor is also known by its Arabic honorific, Darul Ta'zim, or "Abode of Dignity", and as Johore In the early 16th century, the Sultanate of Johor was founded by the Alauddin Riayat Shah II, the son of Mahmud Shah, the last Sultan of Malacca who
fled from the invading Portuguese in Malacca. Johor sultanate was one
of the two successor states of the Melaka empire. Upon Malacca's defeat
by the Portuguese in 1511, Alauddin Riayat Shah II established a
monarchy in Johor which posed a threat to the Portuguese. The Sultanate
of Perak was the other successor state of Malacca and was established by Mahmud Shah's other son, Muzaffar Shah I. During Johor's peak the whole of Pahang and the present day Indonesian territories of the Riauarchipelago and part of Sumatra Island was under Johor's rule.[5] A
series of succession struggles were interspersed with strategic
alliances struck with regional clans and foreign powers, which
maintained Johor's political and economic hold in the Straits. In
competition with the Acehnese of northern Sumatra and
the port-kingdom of Malacca under Portuguese rule, Johor engaged in
prolonged warfare with their rivals, often striking alliances with
friendly Malay states and with the Dutch.[citation needed] In 1641, Johor in co-operation with the Dutch succeeded in capturing Malacca. By 1660, Johor had become a flourishing entrep�t, although weakening and splintering of the empire in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century reduced its sovereignty.[citation needed] In the 18th century, the Bugis of Sulawesi and the Minangkabau of Sumatra controlled the political powers in the Johor-Riau Empire.[citation needed] However,
in the early 19th century, Malay and Bugis rivalry commanded the scene.
In 1819, the Johor-Riau Empire was divided up into the mainland Johor,
controlled by the Temenggong, and the Sultanate of Riau-Lingga,
controlled by the Bugis.[citation needed] In 1855, under the terms of a treaty between the British in Singapore andSultan Ali of Johor, control of the state was formally ceded to Dato' Temenggong Daing Ibrahim, with the exception of the Kesang area (Muar),
which was handed over in 1877. Temenggong Ibrahim opened up Bandar
Tanjung Puteri (later to become Johor's present-day capital) During World War II, Johor Bahru became
the last city on the Malay peninsula to fall to the Japanese. Allied
Forces, Australian, Malayan and Indian forces held out for four days in
what was known as the Battle of Gemas,[10] the General Yamashita Tomoyuki had his headquarters on top of Bukit Serene and coordinated the downfall of Singapore. Johor gave birth to the Malay opposition which derailed the Malayan Union plan. Malays under Dato' Onn Jaafar's leadership formed the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in Johor on 11 May 1946. (UMNO is currently the main component party of Malaysia's ruling Barisan Nasional coalition.) In 1948, Johor joined the Federation of Malaya, which gained Independence in 1957.
[citation needed]
Masakan dan hidangan di Johor kebanyakkannya dipengaruhi dari Arab dan kepulauan-kepulauan Melayu. Terdapat sesetengah makanan ini, yang ramuannya begitu unik dan begitu sukar di dapati di negeri-negeri lain di Malaysia. Hanya di keraian-keraian tertentu sahaja makanan yang unik dini biasanya boleh didapati dan adakalanya anak Johor sendiri tidak mengenalinya.
Antara hidangan dan makanan yang menjadi lambang negeri Johor adalah seperti:
- Laksa Johor ; makanan yang berasal dari Johor. Ianya berbeza dari laksa penang kerana menggunakan santan kelapa untuk kuahnya.
- Mi bandung ~ juga masakan yang berasal dari negeri Johor dan amat terkenal di Muar. Perkataan ‘bandung’ tidak berasal dari Bandung, Indonesia tetapi membawa maksud pelbagai bahan-bahan yang disatukan dari pelbagai rencah.
- Mi rebus ~ adalah makanan terkenal yang terkandung mi yang di celur dan di hidangkan bersama kuahnya tersendiri, telur rebus dan bahan sampingan.
- Arisa ~ adalah makanan unik yang jarang-jarang di temui sekali pun di Johor. Ianya biasa di hidangkan ketika majlis-majlis rasmi bagi golongan elit.
- Sate ~ makanan kegemaran yang buakan lagi menjadi kegemaran warga Johor malah Malaysia. Daging lembu atau ayam berempah (kini dengan pelbagai jenis daging seperti rusa dan kambing) yang di bakar ini, boleh diperolehi di dalam mana-mana sahaja sekitar Johor.
- Telur pindang ~ amat popular di majlis-majlis perkahwinan. Telur pindang ini adalah telur ayam yang di rebus selama beberapa jam bersama-sama rempah dan daun-daun.
- Roti Kirai/Roti Jala ~ Nama ini bersesuaian dengan rupanya yang seakan jala. Ianya di buat daripada adunan tepung dengan menggukan bekas acuan yang berlubang dan di masak di kuali leper. Kari ataupun serawa (santan yang di masak bersama gula merah/melaka dan daun pandan) menjadi sos yang dimakan bersama.
- Kacang pol
- Kuih Sirat
- Pisang Salai
- Otak-otak ~ Antara otk-otak yang terkenal adalah ‘otak-otak kempas’ dan ‘otak-otak gelang patah’.
- Nasi beriani Gam ~ Amat terkenal di daerah Batu Pahat
- Soto ~ Boleh dimakan dengan mee mahupun nasi empet
- Burasak ~ sejenis makanan orang-orang bugis. Beras yang di bungkus dengan menggunakan daun pusang muda dan di masak besama santan. Boleh di dapati pada hari perayaan samada hari raya puasa atau hari raya korban.
- Halwa Maskat
- Kerutup Ikan
- Asam pedas daun kesum
- Pecal
- Tauhu bakar
- Pendaram
- Rojak petis
Pengaruh masakan Jawa juga banyak menyumbang kepada masakan Johor. Antaranya nasi ambeng, lontong dan ungkep. Nasi ambeng adalah nasi yang dihidangkan ketika majlis yasin ataupun tahlil. Hidangan ini biasanya di sediakan untuk empat orang yang akan makan di dalam satu hidangan yang sama di mana terdapat campuran lauk termasuk serunding kelapa, mi, iakan kering dan sebagainya.
Tidak ketinggalan juga,
bontrot/berkat yang datangnya dari bahasa Jawa yang membawa maksud nasi
yang dibungkus atau di sediakan bagi tetamu untuk di bawa pulang
apabila menghadiri majlis (perkahwinan, yasin atau tahlil). The culture of Johor is influenced by visitors and traders throughout history. A major influence was the Bugis – who first set foot in Malaysia in Johor before continuing on to Melaka, Linggi, Selangor, Pahang and Terengganu – Javanese and the Arabs.
They had a powerful impact on the politics of Johor, Pahang, Terengganu
and Selangor. The strong Arab influence is apparent in art performances
like Zapin and Hamdolok, musical instruments like gambus.[27] Other visible legacies in Johor Bahru are the Arabic names of places such as Wadi Hana and Wadi Hassan in areas populated by the Arab community from Hadhramaut in the southeast of Yemen. Wadi means valley in Arabic. The Johoreans' Malay, also known as Johor-Riau Malay and originally spoken in Johor, Riau, Malacca, Selangor and Singapore, has been adopted as the basis for both the Malaysian and Indonesian national languages, Malay and Indonesian, respectively. Due to Johor's location at the confluence of trade routes within Maritime Southeast Asia, as well as the former economic might and influence of Malacca and Johor, the dialect spread as the region's lingua franca since the 15th century; hence the adoption of the dialect as the basis for the national languages. Tanjung Puteri is the song most commonly associated with Johor. Tanjung Puteri Tambak Johor Tanjung Puteri Selat Tebrau airnya biru Di Pantai Lido tepian mandi Sepanjang masa di hari minggu Atas bukit Tanjung Puteri Taman hiburan indah berseri Pemandangan menawan hati Jalan tambak hubungan negeri (chorus) Tanjung Sekijang nun di kuala Tempat nelayan mengail gelama Istana Hinggap di Kuala Danga Pantai berkelah keluarga diRaja Dari Tebrau orang berakit Singgah Setulang membeli kopi Pusara si Bongkok di lereng bukit Di tepi pantai Tanjung Puteri Zapin
is a dance form which is popular in Malaysia, especially in the state
of Johor. It is believed to have been introduced by Muslim missionaries
from the Middle East in the 14th century. In
the old days only males were allowed to perform it, but nowadays female
dancers are included. It used to be performed exclusively for religious
ceremonies but through the years it has become a form of traditional
entertainment. The dancers usually perform in pairs and are accompanied by a traditional music ensemble normally consisting of the gambus, accordion, violin, marwas (bongos), rebana (drum) and dok. There
are various types of Zapin in Johore namely Zapin Melayu, Zapin
Pekajang, Zapin Tenglu, Zapin Pulau, Zapin Parit Mastar, Zapin Lenga
and so on. These variants are caused by the districts and on how the
dance is performed. Kuda Kepang is
a dance or game performed by Johoreans, especially of Javanese descent.
Kuda kepang is a legless horse-shaped puppet that is straddled by the
performers. Usually, a troupe of performers consists of 10 to 15
people. It is performed at wedding ceremonies and cultural
celebrations. There are several possible origins of Kuda Kepang. It is
said to derive from the struggles of “Wali Songo”, a group of nine
Islamic preachers in Java. Others said it originated from the movement
of horses commanded by Ali, the fourth Muslim Caliph. There are several
dance rhythms or patterns: the 'Sola', 'Selendang', 'Pak Tani', 'Pucuk
Rebung', 'Perjuangan', and 'Mempertahankan Diri'. The bobbing movement
of the performers and their horse puppet is called 'Lenggang Kiprah'. The
musical instruments used in kuda kepang performance are 'angklong',
'gendang', 'gong', 'kinong', 'jidor', 'soron kecil' and 'bonang'. This
is a story of Badang, a slave who gained super human strength by eating
the vomitous of a river spirit. He used this to win his release from
his master. Contrary to popular belief, Badang was born in Sayong
Pinang, Johor, not Singapore or Temasik as it was known then. Upon
hearing his strength, he was summoned by the Seri Rama Wira Kerma of
Temasik where he displayed his skills. Challengers were sent by foreign
kingdoms to defeat him. Among them were King of Kalinga I from India
who sent Nadi Bijaya Pikrama, a fierce wrestler, and the noblemen of
Perlak who sent Benderang. Badang emerged victorious from both fights
and eventually stayed in Temasik until his death. According to legend, Malim Deman was a king in Segamat who
was in love with Princess Santan Bertapis. The princess was kidnapped
by a spirit and Malim Deman swore that as long as the princess is not
returned, the Segamat area shall experience floods for all eternity.
However, with modern town planning and irrigation, flooding is now a
rare occurrence in Segamat. Lembing Awang Pulang ke Dayang (Awang's spear Returned to Dayang) is an incident that occurred in Parit Raja, Muar. It
occurred in 1776 when a man called Awang returned to Padang (now known
as Parit Raja, Muar) after more than 3 years abroad to marry his
fiancee Dayang. Upon his return, he found out that another man called
Bachok at Pa'achok had told Dayang of Awang's death and she was to be
married to him the next day. Awang showed up at the wedding and using a
twin spear given by Raja Bugis,
he speared Bachok in the stomach. Bachok, fatally injured, grabbed the
spear in his stomach and speared his best man. The man then speared the
next man he saw and this was repeated until the 99th person was
speared. It was Dayang's father who was protecting Dayang. He did not
continue the repeated spearing and died. Awang ran away to Endau and Dayang did not marry another until she died. Panglima Lidah Hitam (the Black Tongue Warrior) is a legendary warrior in Johor state. Hamdolok
originated from the exposure of Middle East culture introduced by Arabs
in Johor. It is a traditional theatre performed during weddings and
festivals. It is a blend of artistic characters of both the Middle-East
and local Malay communities. Instruments used include the gambus, tambourine, maracas and conga drums.
It was also inspired by the Bedouin celebrating the birth of Islamic
prophet Muhammad playing musical instruments and reciting poetry. Cuisine in Johor is influenced by Arabs and cultures of the surrounding Maritime Southeast Asia.[citation needed] Some
dishes are a blend of ingredients not found anywhere else in Malaysia.
Due to their difficult and sometimes complicated recipes, some can only
be sampled during celebrations and state banquets.[citation needed] There are a few Johorean dishes with Javanese influences due to the high number of Javanese settlers in the state. These include lontong, nasi ambeng, satayand bontrot or berkat – both traditionally served after feasts like wedding ceremonies, Yasinan and others; and ungkep.[30]Language[edit]
Clothing[edit]
Songs[edit]
This section does not cite any references or sources. (June 2012) Folk dances and music[edit]
Zapin dance[edit]
Kuda Kepang[edit]
Legends[edit]
Legend of Badang[edit]
Legend of Malim Deman[edit]
Legend of Gunung Ledang[edit]
Awang's spear returned to Dayang[edit]
Black Tongue Warrior[edit]
Hamdolok[edit]
Cuisine[edit]
Javanese-influenced cuisine[edit]
Major tourist attractions[edit]
Among the popular tourist destinations in Johor are:
- Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque constructed between 1892 and 1900
- Tebrau – Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Glass Temple- The world's first Hindu glass temple
- Desaru – beaches & golf courses along the South China Sea
- Johor Bahru – shopping, night market, colonial/royal district
- Endau Rompin National Park – pristine jungle
- Kota Tinggi 34 meter waterfall.
- Kukup – a fishing village with seafood restaurants built over water
- Muar – picturesque riverside town
- Seribuat Archipelago – islands with beautiful beaches, coral reefs
- Tanjung Piai – the southernmost tip of mainland Asia
- Danga Bay – The new waterfront city
- Pekan Air Panas – hot springs, waterfall, local fruits available
- Bandar Nusajaya – new administration of Johor Government
- Bukit Indah – new shopping district, Jusco, Tesco & Giant
- Horizon Hills – best Asia pacific golf development 2009 by CNBC
- Pulau Dayang – major diving attraction, snorkelling, fishing
- Gunung Ledang – legendary mountain/highest peak in South of Peninsula Malaysia, famous of mountain hiking
- Ayer Panas Waterfall – Malaysian "Jiu Zai Kou" with crystal clear water from the peak of Gunung Ledang
- Tangkak – hometown of famous "Tangkak Beef Noodle", shopping paradise for fabric, served best handmade noodle in the world
- Pulau Kukus – This island is close to Pulau Sibu Tengah and popular for snorkelling activity
- Tampoi Muniswaran Hindu Temple during Thaipusam
International theme parks[edit]
- Legoland Malaysia – The first of its kind theme park in Asia and the first international park in Malaysia[19]
- Hello Kitty Town
National parks and forest reserves[edit]
Johor is also noted for its national parks. Johor currently has five national parks, with a combined area of more than 700 km� and several smaller recreational forest. Almost all recreational parks are based around a mountain. Johor also has the third largest mangrove forest reserve in Peninsular Malaysia (167 km�).
- Tanjung Piai National Park – A natural wonderland at the southernmost tip of Asia, located 90km south of Johor Bahru's city centre[20]
- Endau Rompin National Park – The second National Park in Malaysia after Taman Negara, it covers an area of approximately 80,000 hectares [21]
- Pulau Kukup Johor National Park – One of the largest uninhabited mangroves in the world, Pulau Kukup has been granted the status of a 'Wetland of International Importance' (RAMSAR site) by the Geneva-based Ramsar Convention Bureau.[22]
Islands and beaches[edit]
- Pulau Sibu – A pleasant hideaway with its lush tropical vegetation, endless stretches of golden beaches and clear blue waters [23]
- Pulau Rawa – Sixteen kilometres off the coast of Mersing, the island is famed for its white coral sand, tall palm trees and coral reefs with neon-coloured fish and other exotic marine life [24]
- Desaru Beach – Among the best beaches in Johor, the beach is clean, lined with casuarina trees and stretch 25 kilometres long [25]
- Pulau Aur – Rated among the best diving destinations within the Johor Marine Park Area [26]