Java is a computer
programming language that is concurrent,
class-based, object-oriented, and specifically
designed to have as few implementation
dependencies as possible. It is intended to let
application developers "write once, run
anywhere" (WORA), meaning that code that runs on
one platform does not need to be recompiled to
run on another. Java applications are typically
compiled to bytecode (class file) that can run
on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of
computer architecture. Java is, as of 2014, one
of the most popular programming languages in
use, particularly for client-server web
applications, with a reported 9 million
developers.[10][11] Java was originally
developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems
(which has since merged into Oracle Corporation)
and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun
Microsystems' Java platform. The language
derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but
it has fewer low-level facilities than either of
them. The original and reference
implementation Java compilers, virtual machines,
and class libraries were developed by Sun from
1991 and first released in 1995. As of May 2007,
in compliance with the specifications of the
Java Community Process, Sun relicensed most of
its Java technologies under the GNU General
Public License. Others have also developed
alternative implementations of these Sun
technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java
(bytecode compiler), GNU Classpath (standard
libraries), and IcedTea-Web (browser plugin for
applets). Duke, the Java mascot
James Gosling,
Mike Sheridan, and Patrick
Naughton initiated the Java language
project in June 1991.[12] Java
was originally designed for interactive
television, but it was too advanced for the
digital cable television industry at the time.[13] The
language was initially called Oak after
an oak tree
that stood outside Gosling's office; it went by
the name Green later, and was later
renamed Java, from Java
coffee,[14] said
to be consumed in large quantities by the
language's creators.[citation
needed] Gosling aimed to
implement a virtual
machine and a language that had a
familiar C/C++ style of notation.[15]
Sun Microsystems released
the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in
1995.[1] It
promised "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA),
providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms.
Fairly secure and featuring configurable
security, it allowed network- and file-access
restrictions. Major web browsers soon
incorporated the ability to run Java
applets within web pages, and
Java quickly became popular. With the advent of Java
2(released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December
1998 – 1999), new versions had multiple
configurations built for different types of
platforms. For example, J2EE targeted
enterprise applications and the greatly
stripped-down version J2ME for mobile
applications (Mobile Java). J2SE designated
the Standard Edition. In 2006, for marketing
purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java
EE, Java
ME, and Java
SE, respectively. In 1997, Sun
Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC
JTC1 standards body and later the Ecma
International to formalize Java, but
it soon withdrew from the process.[16] Java
remains a de
facto standard, controlled
through the Java
Community Process.[17] At
one time, Sun made most of its Java
implementations available without charge,
despite their proprietary
software status. Sun generated
revenue from Java through the selling of
licenses for specialized products such as the
Java Enterprise System. Sun distinguishes
between its Software
Development Kit (SDK) and Runtime
Environment (JRE) (a subset of the
SDK); the primary distinction involves the JRE's lack
of the compiler, utility programs, and header
files. On November 13,
2006, Sun released much of Java as free
and open source software, (FOSS),
under the terms of the GNU
General Public License (GPL). On May
8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of
Java's core code available under free
software/open-source distribution
terms, aside from a small portion of code to
which Sun did not hold the copyright.[18] Sun's
vice-president Rich Green said that Sun's ideal
role with regards to Java was as an
"evangelist."[19] Following Oracle
Corporation's acquisition of Sun
Microsystems in 2009–2010, Oracle has described
itself as the "steward of Java technology with a
relentless commitment to fostering a community
of participation and transparency".[20] This
did not hold Oracle, however, from filing a
lawsuit against Google shortly after that for
using Java inside the Android SDK (see Google
section below). Java software runs on everything
from laptops to data
centers, game
consoles to scientific supercomputers.
There are 930 million Java
Runtime Environmentdownloads each
year and 3 billion mobile
phones run Java.[21] On
April 2, 2010, James Gosling resigned from
Oracle.[22] |
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