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Classroom Instruction That Works
Research-Based Strategies for Increasing Students Achievement

By Robert J. Marzano, Debra J. Pickering, and Jane E. Pollack
Chapter 4: Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition
Research confirms that the hardest you try the more successful the results will be.  So, effort and achievement is very close together. The students need to be aware of this connection and examples of other persons should be given like athletes and other successful people to convince students of this connection. Also the students can keep track of their own efforts and compare what kind of results they obtain.

Recognition decreases intrinsic motivation when the students perceived it as undeserved, when the task is considered easy, as it can lower the perception of student's ability.  It will help the students if the recognition is given for accomplishing harder tasks that meets performance standards.  Verbal reward seems to work better and the best way is to make the recognition as personal as possible. However, as with all the techniques, they can't be overused because will not be as effective.  The most abstract and symbolic the rewards are, the more powerful they are.  "Providing recognition for attainment of specific goals not only enhances achievement, but it stimulates motivation."
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