| GRAMMAR NOTES ARTICLES (a/an/the) �ngilizce�de cins isimler tek ba�lar�na kullan�lmazlar. Ba�lar�nda e�er bir sahiplik ya da i�aret s�fat� yoksa, �a / an� s�zc�klerini al�rlar. Bu s�zc�kler �bir�, �herhangi bir� anlam�na gelir. Give me a pen. Bana bir kalem verin. I need an umbrella. Bir �emsiyeye ihtiyac�m var. There is a man in front of the house. Evin �n�nde bir adam var. E�er herhangi bir �eyden de�il de belli ve �zel bir �eyden bahsediyorsak, o zaman bu cins isimlerin ba��nda �the� kullan�r�z. Bu s�zc�k T�rk�e�ye �evrilmez. Give me the pen. Kalemi bana ver. (Masan�n �st�nde bir kalem var ve benim ondan bahsetti�imi biliyorsun.) I need the umbrella. �emsiyeye ihtiyac�m var. (Hangi �emsiyeden bahsetti�imi biliyorsun.) There is a man in front of the house. The man is tall and handsome. (�kinci c�mlede art�k hangi adamdan bahsetti�imiz bellidir.) THE PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS �ngilizcede isimler �s tak�s� alarak �o�ul olurlar. book � books / cat � cats / boy � boys / house � houses / teacher � teachers Ancak isimler �s, ss, sh, ch, x, o� harfleriyle bitiyorsa o zaman �o�ul tak�s� � es�tir. bus � buses / glass � glasses / brush � brushes / watch � watches / box � boxes / tomato - tomatoes E�er isim bir sessiz harf ve �y ile ile bitiyorsa �y harfi �i harfine d�n���r ve � es tak�s� al�r. City � cities / dictionary � dictionaries / baby � babies / fly � flies E�er isim � f ya da � fe harflariyle bitiyorsa �f harfi �v harfine d�n���r. Knife � knives / wife � wives / leaf � leaves D�zensiz isimler: baz� isimler �s tak�s� alarak �o�ul olmazlar. Onlar�n �zel �o�ul halleri vard�r. man � men / woman � women / child � children / person � people / foot � feet / tooth � teeth / mouse � mice / sheep � sheep / fish � fish THIS / THAT ; THESE / THOSE I�aret s�fatlar�d�r. Yak�n�m�zda bulunan �eylere i�aret ederken �this� ve �these�; uzakta bulunan �eylere i�aret ederken �that� ve �those� kullan�r�z. �This� ve �that� tekil isimlerle; �these� ve �those� �o�ul isimlerle kullan�l�r. This apple is big. Bu elma b�y�k. / This is a big apple . Bu b�y�k bir elma. These apples are big. Bu elmalar b�y�k. / These are big apples. Bunlar b�y�k elmalar. That apple is small. �u elma k���k. / That is a small apple. �u k���k bir elma. Those apples are small. �u elmalar k���k. Those are small apples. �unlar k���k elmalar. POSSESSIVE -S [noun + (�s)] �simlere eklenen ve sahiplik bildiren tak�d�r. �o�ul yapan �s tak�s� ile kar��t�rmay�n. �o�ul yapan �s kesme i�areti ile ayr�lmaz. a) Tekil isim Sahiplik bildiren �ekli the girl the girl�s book Tom Tom�s bicycle My wife my wife�s car A lady a lady�s hands *e�er tekil bir isim �s harfi ile bitiyorsa iki �ekilde sahiplik belirtebilirsiniz: *Thomas Thomas�s / Thomas� dog James James�s / James� brother b) �o�ul isim Sahiplik bildiren �ekli the girls the girls� books their wives their wives� cars the ladies the ladies� room -s tak�s� ile �o�ul olmu� isimlere sahiplik �ekli kazand�rmak i�in yaln�zca kesme i�areti (�) konur. A�a��daki �o�ul isimler d�zensiz isimdir. �s tak�s� ile �o�ul olmam��t�r. *the men the men�s jobs my children my children�s toys POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES [my, your, his, her, its, our, their] Sahiplik s�fatlar�d�r. Bu s�zc�klerden sonra mutlaka bir isim gelir. ��nk� kimin sorusuna cevap vererek bir ismi nitelerler. I�m a teacher and you are my students. [my students: benim ��rencilerim] This is Jane and this is her sister, Ann. [her sister: onun karde�i] We are brothers. Our father is a pilot. [our father: bizim babam�z] Tipik hata: This bag is my. YANLI� This is my bag. DO�RU OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS (me/you/her/him/it/us/them) C�mlede nesne durumunda bulunan zamirlerdir. Subjective pronoun Objective pronoun I know Ann. Ann knows me. You know Ann. Ann knows you. He knows Ann. Ann knows him. She knows Ann. Ann knows her. We know Ann. Ann knows us. They know Ann. Ann knows them. Bir edattan sonra objective pronoun kullan�lmas� gerekir. Look at me. Talk to him. Go with them. This letter is for you. What do you think of them? IMPERATIVES Emir c�mlelerinin �znesi olmaz. Bu y�zden hemen fiille ba�lar: Stand up. Sit down. Spell your name. Be quiet. Open your book. Close your book. Come here. Go there. Come in. Go out. Read the sentence. Write the sentences. Ask a question. Answer the question. Write the answer. Raise your hand. Look at me. Listen to me. Repeat after me. Give me your pen. Clean the board. Olumsuz �ekli �don�t� yard�mc� fiili ile yap�l�r. Don�t do it! Don�t talk! Be quiet. Don�t go! Come here. . Don�t close your book! Read the dialogue. Don�t clean the board! Write the sentences on your notebooks. TO BE Olmak fiilidir. Neyin veya kimin ne oldu�unu, nerede oldu�unu, nas�l oldu�unu, ne zaman oldu�unu s�yler. �imdiki zamanda ya da geni� zamanda hemen �zneden sonra kullan�l�rsa am,is,are �eklindedir. I�m an English teacher. Jane is at home. Our exam is on 5th November. You are beautiful. Ne zaman �be� olarak kullanabiliriz? Can, must, will... gibi yard�mc� fiillerden sonra. �rne�in: I can be a good student. I must be hardworking. I will be successful. Ya da bir ba�ka fiilden sonra: I want to be a successful student. I�d like to be friends with you. THERE IS / THERE ARE Bu yap� bir �eylerin varl���ndan bahseder. Yani bir yerlerde, s�z� edilen �ey var m� yok mu. There is a toycar on the table. Is there a cinema in your town? There are some wild animals in this forest. Are there any birds in the picture? There aren�t any children in the street. How many students are there in your class? HAVE GOT / HAS GOT Sahiplik fiilidir. Kimin neye sahip oldu�unu s�yler ya da sorar. T�rk�e�ye �Benim �unum bunum var� �eklinde �eviririz. I�ve got a grammar book. Larry has got a big house. Have they got any children? What have you got in your hand? Bazen sa�l�k sorunlar�m�zdan bahsederiz: I�ve got a headache. (Ba��m a�r�yor) He�s got flu. (Nezle olmu�.) Tony�s got a toothache. (Tony�nin ba�� a�r�yor.) SOME / ANY Some s�zc��� birka�, biraz ve baz� anlamlar�na gelir. Hem say�labilir hem say�lamayan isimlerle kullan�labilir. Miktar bildiren bu s�zc�k yaln�zca olumlu c�mlelerde kullan�l�r. There is some milk in the fridge. (some + uncountable noun) biraz s�t There are some apples in the basket. (some + countable noun) birka� elma Some s�zc���nden sonra say�labilir isim kulland���m�zda bu s�zc���n �o�ul olmas� gerekti�ini unutmay�n. I�ve got some money in my pocket. (some + uncountable noun) biraz para She�s got some cows. (some + countable noun) birka� inek Any s�zc��� hi� anlam�na gelir. Soru c�mlelerinde ve olumsuz c�mlelerde kullan�l�r. Some gibi hem say�labilir hem say�lamayan isimlerle kullan�labilir. Say�labilir isimle kullan�ld���nda bu ismin �o�ul olmas� gerekir. There isn�t any youghurt in the fridge. (any + uncountable noun) hi� yo�urt There aren�t any bananas in the basket. (any + countable noun) hi� muz ONE / ONES Ayn� s�zc��� tekrar etmemek i�in tekil bir ismin yerine �one� �o�ul bir ismin yerine �ones� kullan�l�r. �Whose are these rubbers?� (Bu silgiler kimin?) The green one is mine. The red one is Aynur�s. (Ye�il olan� benim. K�rm�z� olan� Aynur�un.) Bu �rnekte �one� s�zc��� �rubber� yerine kullan�l�yor. �These red shoes are beautiful.� (Bu k�rm�z� ayakkab�lar g�zel.) �The blue ones are very beautiful too.� (Mavi olanlar da �ok g�zel.) Bu �rnekte ones s�zc��� shoes yerine kullan�l�yor. CAN / CAN�T T�rk�e�ye �-ebilmek� yard�mc� fiili olarak �evrilebilir. Bazen yetenek ya da g�� ifade eder: I can speak German. / They can play football well. George can lift the table. A dog can�t climb a tree but it can swim. Bazen olas�l�k ifade eder: George can come home tomorrow. You can pass the exam. Bazen rica ifade eder. Can you help me, please? Can you give me some money, please? Bazen izin ifade eder: Can I go out and play with my friends? Can I use your telephone? PREPOSITIONS OF TIME (in, on, at, from ... to, for, after, before) in: in May / August , in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in 2001/1876, in summer/spring, in five minutes, in two weeks on: on Thursday, on Mondays, on Thursday morning, on Saturtday night on 3rd June, on 24 November, on christmas day, on new year�s day at: at six o�clock / 11:45, at night, at noon, at lunch time, at christmas at the weekend, at the end of October, at the moment At / on / in s�zc�klerini kullanmad���m�z durumlar: This ... (this morning / this month / this year) Last ... (last August / last week) Next ... (next Friday / next month) Every ... (every day / every Tuesday / every year) I drink milk in the morning. / I drink milk every morning. See you on Saturday. / See you next Saturday. From ... to (ne zamandan ne zamana) I work from Monday to Friday. (Pazartesiden Cumaya kadar �al���r�m.) Sally does her homework from 6 pm to 8 pm. (Sally 6�dan 8�e kadar �dev yapar.) For (ne kadar s�reyle) I read a book for an hour in the evening. (Ak�amlar� bir saat s�reyle kitap okurum.) They go away for two weeks in summer. (Yaz�n iki hafta s�reyle bir yerlere giderler.) After (sonra) What do you do after school? (Okuldan sonra n�apars�n?) Before (�nce) I brush my teeth before I do to bed. (Yatmadan �nce di�lerimi f�r�alar�m.) VOCABULARY DO Do homework / housework Do an exam / a test Do an experiment Do exercises Do the cleaning / the shopping / the washing / the washing up / the ironing / the cooking MAKE Make a meal / a salad / a cake / tea / coffee Make a phone call Make a list Make a noise Make a bed Make a plan Make a mistake HAVE Have breakfast / lunch / dinner Have a bath / a shower Have a meal / a sandwich / a pizza Have a rest / a holiday / a party / picnic Have a cup of coffee / a glass of milk Have a nice time Have something to eat / drink Have a dream / an accident Have a baby GET Get a letter / get a job / get a pullover Get in (a car) Get a bus / a train / a taxi Get out (of a car) Get hungry / angry / cold / hot / tired / wet Get on (a bus / a train / a plane) Get dressed / married / lost Get off (a bus / a train / a plane) Get to a place / to work / to school Get up Get home GO Go to work / to school / to bed / to �stanbul / to England / to a concert / to a party Go home Go on a holiday / on a tour / on a picnic Go for a walk / for a run / for a swim / for a drink / for a meal / for a picnic / for holiday Go shopping / swimming / fishing / running / dancing Some other verbs: How do we use them? Draw a map / a picture / a caricature Write a letter / a poem / a story Write to somebody Drive a car / a lorry Ride a bike / a horse Use a machine / a telephone / a computer Fly a kite / a plane / Fly in a plane / in a helicopter Travel by car / by train / by plane Speak to somebody / a tourist / to a friend Listen to somebody / to something Look at somebody / at something Look for somebody / for something Find somebody / something |
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