Hand-write your answers on separate paper. Number your answers correctly.

Terms to Know:(Define All)

Element Atom Proton Neutron Electron

Valence Electron Compound Covalent Bond Molecule Ionic Bond

Ion Hydrogen Bond Solution Polar Cohesion

Adhesion Solvent Evaporative Cooling Acid / Base pH Scale

Objectives: (Discuss the following objectives using complete sentences.)

1. Identify the three particles of an atom including location, symbols, and charge.
2. Discuss the importance of valence electrons of an atom.
3. Discuss the components of a chemical formula and chemical reaction.
4. Discuss why compounds and chemical bonds form.
5. Compare and contrast covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonding.
6. Describe the importance of covalent bonding to life.
7. Discuss how and why molecules form.
8. Discuss how and why ions and ionic compounds are formed.
9. Identify common examples of “covalent” molecules and ionic compounds.
10. Describe the properties of water.
11. Discuss how the properties of water relate to life.
12. Compare the properties of acids, bases, and neutral solutions.
13. Investigate and describe the effects of pH on organic compounds.

Practice Questions: (Use complete sentences when necessary.)

1. Draw at least 2 different models of a typical atom labeling correct components.
2. Any model of an atom is not a true representation of what an atom really looks like, but they are used anyway. Why do we use models?
3. What will determine how an atom will react with its environment?
4. First and foremost, does an atom prefer to be neutral or stable? What does this mean?
5. A neutral carbon atom only has 4 valence electrons. How will carbon react with its environment? Why?
6. Identify the number of compounds and the total number of atoms in the compounds below.
   
7. Form a table to list the reactants and products of the following chemical equations.
   
   
8. How does the left and right sides of the each equation above compare in its number of atoms?
9. In each equation above, a reaction is shown in which new molecules are formed. What is required to create these new bonds and ultimately make these reactions occur?
10. The atoms below are listed with their number of valence electrons. Typically, each participates in covalent bonding to form organic molecules. How many times will each bond to become stable?
    C-4
    O-6
    H-1
    N-5
    
11. Which of the above atoms can easily become an ion? Would it be a positive or negative ion?
12. Draw an illustration of the arrangement of water molecules in solution due to hydrogen bonding.
13. Why does “polar” water not mix with “nonpolar” oil?
14. Why would the gulf coast be less likely to experience extreme temperature differences while western Texas experiences extremes from day to night?
15. At the doctor’s office, a nurse pricks your finger and a bead of blood appears. The nurse then places a very thin tube to the bead. To your surprise, the blood quickly fills the tube. Explain why this happened.
16. In water, which is neutral, concentrations of H+ and OH- ions are still found. Where do these ions come from?
17. Identify the following as an acid, base, or neutral solution.

1. pH of 7
2. pH of 14
3. HCl
4. NaOH
5. pH of 4
6. Solution with a high concentration of H+ ions.
7. Solution with a very low concentration of H+ ions.
8. pH of 9