Circumcision Not Associated With Reduced Risk Of HIV For Men Who Have Sex With Men
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Circumcision Not Associated With Reduced Risk Of HIV For Men Who Have Sex With Men
ScienceDaily (Oct. 14, 2008) — An analysis hosts virus of previous research indicates there is a lack of sufficient evidence that circumcision reduces the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) matrix mp3 human virus infection or other sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men, according to a new article.
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Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted with men in Africa have shown that male circumcision reduces the likelihood of female-to-male transmission of HIV infection by 50 percent to 60 percent. cyrus the virus in con air Studies also suggest that male circumcision may protect heterosexual men against other sexually transmitted infections (STI), such as syphilis or chlamydial infection, according to background information in the article. Less is known about whether circumcision provides protection against HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM).
Gregorio A. Millett, M.P.H., wikipedia exploit virus of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, and colleagues performed a meta-analysis of 15 studies to examine the association of circumcision status with HIV infection and other STIs among MSM. The studies included a total of 53,567 MSM participants (52 percent of whom were circumcised).
The virus check researchers found that the odds of being HIV-positive were nonsignificantly lower among MSM who avg anti virus software were circumcised than uncircumcised. In contrast, a statistically significant protective association of circumcision with HIV infection was found for MSM studies conducted prior to the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996. Of studies conducted after HAART, the association of circumcision and HIV infection was not statistically significant.
"A possible explanation for [these differences] may be related to an increase in the sexual google and yahoo virus risk behaviors of MSM after HAART. It has been well documented that beliefs that HAART limits HIV transmissibility are associated with increases in sexual risk behavior among MSM, and that the era since the advent of HAART has been defined by higher rates of sexual tanner virus risk behaviors among MSM, outbreaks of STIs, and increasing rates of HIV infection," the authors write.
Among MSM who primarily engaged in insertive anal sex, the association between virus in kingdom monera male circumcision and HIV was protective but not statistically significant. The STI analyses similarly revealed no statistically significant association by circumcision status monkeypox virus among MSM.
"Taken together, these findings indicate insufficient evidence among available observational studies conducted with MSM of an association between circumcision and HIV infection or other STIs," the researchers write. "Additional free virus removers studies are necessary to elucidate virus sofware further the relationship between circumcision status and HIV infection or STIs among MSM."
Editorial: Circumcision and HIV Prevention Among jump computer virus Men Who Have Sex With Men - No Final bloodhound exploit virus Word
In an accompanying editorial, Sten H. Vermund, M.D., Ph.D., and Han-Zhu Qian, M.D., Ph.D., of Vanderbilt University School papilloma virus of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn., write whitehead sign of virus that only future research free virus killer can answer whether MSM should be circumcised to reduce their Housecall Virus HIV risk.
"The meta-analysis by mad cow virus Millett et al is crush card virus yugioh gold likely to be used by both advocates and detractors of clinical trial investment; some will argue the benefit is likely to be too modest to justify a multimillion dollar clinical trial while others urban legend internet tv virus will argue that only a clinical trial virus kill hard drive will answer this important HIV prevention question. Barriers to circumcision among heterosexual men include human rights issues, ethical yoyo virus data loss and virus images legal issues, high cost, fear of pain, safety concerns, availability of surgery services, and sexual risk compensation if men overrate their degree of super virus low grade fever protection and ongoing risk. As in other HIV prevention trials, circumcision would likely be insufficiently efficient to be universally effective in reducing HIV risk, and will have to be combined with other prevention modalities to have a substantial and sustained prevention effect."
Adapted from materials provided by JAMA and Archives Journals.
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