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| USEFUL KEY TERMS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Psychology - The scientific study of human and animal behavior. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Overt behavior - An action or response that is directly observable. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covert behavior - A response that is internal or hidden from view. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Empirical evidence - Facts or information based on direct observation or experience. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Data - Observed facts or evidence. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Scientific observation - An empirical investigation that is structured so that it answers questions about the world. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research method - A systematic approach to answering scientific questions. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developmental psychologist - A psychologist interested in the course of human growth and development from birth until death. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Learning theorist - A psychologist interested in variables affecting learning and in theories of learning. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personality theorist - A psychologist who studies personality traits, dynamics, and theories. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sensation and perception psychologist - studies the sense organs and the process of perception | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Comparative psychologist - primarily interested in studying and comparing the behavior of different species, especially animals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Biopsychologist - studies the relationship between behavior and biological processes, especially activity in the nervous system | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gender psychologist - investigates differences between females and males and how they develop | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Social psychologist - particularly interested in human social behavior | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cultural psychologist - studies the ways in which culture affects human behavior | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Animal model - behavior is used to derive principles that may apply to human behavior | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description - the process of naming and classifying | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Understanding - achieved when the causes of a behavior can be stated | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prediction - an ability to accurately forecast behavior | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Psychometrics - a specialty that focuses on mental measurement or testing, such as personality and intelligence testing | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Control - altering conditions that influence behavior | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Philosophy - the formal study of knowledge, reality, and human nature | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stimulus - any physical energy that has some effect on an organism and that evokes a response | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introspection - to look within; to examine one's own thoughts, feelings, or sensations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experimental self-observation - Wilhelm Wundt's technique of combining trained introspection with objective measurement | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Structuralism - the school of thought concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Functionalism - school of psychology concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environments | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Natural selection - Darwin's theory that evolution favors those plants and animals best suited to their living conditions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Educational psychology - psychological study of learning, teaching, and related topics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Industrial psychology - application of psychology to work, especially to personnel selection, human relations, and machine design | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Behaviorism - school of psychology that emphasizes the study of overt, observable behavior | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Response - any muscular action, glandular activity, or other identifiable aspect of behavior | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conditioned response - a reflex response that has become associated with a new stimulus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cognitive behaviorism - an approach that combines behavioral principles with cognition (perception, thinking, anticipation) to explain behavior | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Behavior modification - the application of learning principles to change human behavior, especially maladaptive behavior | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gestalt psychology - a school of psychology emphasizing the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unconscious - contents of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires not directly known to a person | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repression - the process by which memories, thoughts, or impulses are actively held out of awareness | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Psychoanalysis - a Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of unconscious conflicts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Neo-Freudian - a psychologist who accepts the broad features of Freud's theory but has revised the theory to fit his or her own concepts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Psychodynamic theory - any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Humanism - an approach to psychology that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Determinism - the doctrine that all behavior has prior causes that would completely explain one?s choices and actions if all such causes were known | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Free will - the doctrine that human beings are capable of freely making choices or decisions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Self-image - total subjective perception of oneself, including images of one?s body, personality, capabilities, and so forth | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Self-evaluation - positive and negative feelings held toward oneself | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Frame of reference - a mental or emotional perspective used for judging and evaluating events | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Self-actualization - the ongoing process of fully developing one?s personal potential | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eclectic - selected or chosen from many sources | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cognitive psychology - the area of psychology concerned with human thinking, knowing, understanding, and information processing | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Psychologist - a person highly trained in the methods, factual knowledge, and theories of psychology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Clinical psychologist - specializes in the treatment of psychological and behavioral disturbances or who does research on such disturbances | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Counseling psychologist - specializes in the treatment of milder emotional and behavioral disturbances | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Scientist-practitioner model - a view which holds that clinical psychologists should be skilled both as scientists and as therapists | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Psychiatrist - medical doctor with additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| More keywords | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||