Nouns:
- The noun that precedes clarifies the head noun (for, from, by, etc.)
- a horse race-a race in which horses run
- a race horse- a horse that runs in races
- Sometimes it takes the _ed form
- a pocket-sized camera
- a tough-minded person
Adjectives
- Positions:
- Before the noun
- suggests the permanent condition
- The stolen jewelry was mine.
• The case may be closed.
- After be/linking verbs
- suggests the temporary state
- The jewelry was stolen last night.
• The police is trying to recover it.
Nouns:
- The noun that precedes clarifies the head noun (for, from, by, etc.)
- a horse race-a race in which horses run
- a race horse- a horse that runs in races
- Sometimes it takes the _en form
- a pocket-sized camera
- a tough-minded person
Verbal words:
-_ing
-a fascinating* story
-a working woman
-_en
-the fascinated* children
-a developed country
-*_ing cause the experience/feeling
-*_en is the experiencer
-bore, interest, thrill, excite, etc.
Verbal words:
-Hyphen use
-when preceded/modified by another word, the verbal word usually takes hyphen (-)
-a well-developed paragraph
-a Spanish-speaking country
-BUT the _ly adverbs do not
-XXX the highly-trained officer XXX

Postnoun Modification
-Adjective clauses
-Reduced Adjective Clauses
-Adjective Phrases
-Prepositional Phrases
-Participial Phrases
-Appositive Phrases
What is Adjective Clause--A clause introduced by relative pronoun.
-What is relative pronoun--S/person: who/that
-O/person: who, whom, that
-S/O/thing: that and which
-S/O/time: when
-S/O/place: where
-S/O/cause: why
How to construct an adj. clause--Identify the subordinate clause (s.c).
-Identify the common noun (c.n).
-Select a proper relative pronoun (r.p).
-Replace the c.n. in the sub.cls. with the r.p.
-Put the adj. clause after the noun to be modified in the main clause.
Example:
-Sentence 1: The baby girl is cute.
-Sentence 2: The baby girl is in the cradle.
-Derived Sentence:
-The baby girl who is in the cradle is cute.
Summary of RP use:
-Subject of the verb in the adj. clause:
-Person: who and that
-Thing: that and which
-Object of the verb in the adj. clause:
-NO RP is needed for both a person and a thing.
-Object of the preposition in the adj. clause:
-Person: prep. + whom
-Thing: prep. + which
Two Types of Adjective Clauses::
-Restrictive Adj. Cls.
-No comma
-necessary to identify which noun is being referred to
-Nonrestrictive Adj. Cls.
-Commas
-not necessary, served to give more information about the noun
Examples:
-The list of animal species that had become in extinct as of 1980 includes fifty-eight species of birds.
-Westerners generally understand very little about the Middle East, where much of the world’s oil is located.
Reduced Adjective Clauses:
-a phrase modifying a noun can be made from the adjective clause by
-take out the r.p.
-take out the ‘be’, if any.
Adjective Phrases
-Employees celebrated all night.
-Employees were happy with their annual bonus.
-Employees, who were happy with their annual bonus, celebrated all night.
-Employees, happy with their annual bonus, celebrated all night.
Prepositional Phrases
-The birds are eables.
-The birds are on the hilltop.
-The birds which are on the hilltop are eagles.
-The birds on the hilltop are eagles.

Participial Phrases
-The baby is hungry.
-The baby is crying in the crib.
-The baby who is crying in the crib is hungry.
-The baby crying in the crib is hungry.
Participial Phrases with no ‘be’ verb
-Simple tense:
-Active: _ing
-Passive: _en
-Perfect tense:
-Active: having + _en
-Passive: having been + _en
-Future tense:
-Active: to + V1
-Passive: to be + _en
Example:
-The rules need to be reconsidered.
-The rules allow public access to wilderness areas.
-The rules that allow public access to wilderness areas need to be reconsidered.
-The rules allowing public access to wilderness areas need to be reconsidered.
Appositive Phrases
-Form: word/phrase that redefines a noun in the core sentence
-Example:
-Queen Elizabeth is generous.
-Queen Elizabeth is the Queen Mother of England.
-Queen Elizabeth, who is the Queen Mother of England, is generous.
-Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother of England, is generous.