Unit 2: Expansion through Modification: Verb: Adverb Clauses

Objective: To recognize the main and the subordinate clauses, their relationship, and the subordinators that show such relationship

Directions: Combine the two sentences with appropriate subordinators, using the first sentence as the main clause

1. Sales of over-the-counter medications increased because the cold and flu season was one of the worst this decade.

2. Sally worked as a secretary for many years before/after she Sally was married to an airline pilot. (Any clauses telling time)

3. She often took weekends off to fly somewhere since/because/as they didn’t pay much for the tickets due to interairline agreements.

4. Her dog had to spend time in a kennel although she adored him.

5. Closing arguments of the trial began when defense attorneys rested their case.

6. The jury found the defendant guilty as/because/since his crimes were so heinous.

7. Our criminal justice system usually works effectively even though Iit is often criticized.

8. We will attend the conference even though the committee refuses to pay our expenses.

9. Reading a textbook can take a lot of time since/as/because there are so many steps involved in active reading.

10. The little children ran past the park although the park was closed for cleaning.

Directions: Use the subordinator in parentheses to make the following phrases into complete sentences
Answers may vary.

1. have a baby (as soon as)

2. buy a house (long before)

3. look for a job (while)

4. enter the university (once)

5. change jobs (whenever)

6. retire (once)

7. travel to another city (immediately after)

8. get married (before)

9. get divorced (shortly after)

10. have my parents live with me (by the time)

11. go to graduate school (when)

12. ask my boss for a raise (as soon as)

Source:
Ploeger, Kathleen M. 1999. Simplified Essay Skills. Illinois: NTC Publishing Group.
Steer, M. Jocelyn and Carlisi, A. Karen. 1998. The Advanced Grammar Book. Heinle & Heinle Publishers.

Objective: To recognize errors in the use of adverb clauses of time, place, reason and result

Directions: Find the errors in the following sentences and correct them clearly. Some sentences may not have any errors

1. Alaska is such a cold state that few people want to live there. O.K.
2. Earthquake insurance is such an important thing in some states that more and more homeowners are buying it. O.K.
3. I have so few good friends that I often get lonely. O.K.
4. I would really like to go to Egypt. B because I would like to see the pyramids there.
5. As the professor spoke about the causes of the greenhouse effect, he showed many slides.
6. Gloria and Jack will try a six-month separation before they will get divorced.
7. Gerald will move to the city which has where are clean air and water.
8. Cheryl was talking to her mother during that when the earthquake hit.
9. Because an imported car is very expensive, so I will buy a domestic one.
10. By the time I will get there, the plane already left.

Unit 2: Expansion through Modification: Verb: Adverb Clauses of Contrast

Objective: Practice producing and reducing clauses of contrast

Directions: Combine the following sentences, using the first sentence as the main clause.

1. Many of my students are hardworking and honest kids.
The media often gives bad reports.

Even though the media often…, many of my students are…

2. Many of our students go on to college and become professionals.
A great dropout rate was reported.

Many of our students go on … although a great dropout …

3. I would never change my job.
I received only the low pay.

Although I received only …, I would never …

4. Public school teachers get burned out easily.
They get an eight-week break in the summer.

Although they get an eight-week break…, public school teachers …

5. I would never teach at a private school.
Private schools offer better working conditions.

Even though private schools…, I would never …

Directions: From the derived sentences above, reduce the clauses of contrast into the prepositional phrases (despite, in spite of, and regardless of). Change or omit words as necessary.

1. Despite the media report, many of my students are…
2. In spite of a great dropout, many of our students go…
3. Regardless of the low pay, I would never …
4. In spite of an eight-week break in the summer, public school teachers…
5. Despite better working conditions, I would never…

Objective: Practice producing clauses of purpose

Directions: Combine the following sentences, using the first sentence as the main clause.

1. Jack ate a lot last week. He could gain some weight.

Jack ate a lot last week in order that/so that he could gain …

2. Jill studied architecture. She could design the house of her dreams.

Jill studied architecture in order that/ so that she could design the house of her dreams.

3. Jane studied business. She could work for her father.

Jane studied business in order that/ so that she could work for her father.

4. John wore a raincoat. He would not get wet.

John wore a raincoat in order that/so that he would not get wet.

5. Jill became a doctor. She could help people.

Jill became a doctor in order that/ so that she could help people.

6. The government raised taxes. It could pay back its debts.

The government raised taxes in order that/so that it could pay back its debts.

7. A bird protects its nest. None of the chicks will get hurt.

A bird protects its nest in order that/so that none of the chicks will get hurt.

8. The presidential candidate will campaign nonstop. He will win the election.

The presidential candidate will campaign nonstop in order that/so that he will win the election.

Directions: From the derived sentences above, rewrite the sentences using “in order to”. Change or omit words as necessary.

1. Jack ate a lot last week (in order) to gain some weight.

2. Jim studied architecture (in order) to design the house of her dreams.

3. Jane studied business (in order) to work for her father.

4*. John wore a raincoat in order not to get wet.

5. Jill became a doctor in order to help people.

6. The government raised taxes (in order) to pay back its debts.

7*. A bird protects its nest in order that none of the chicks will get hurt.
(Can’t be changed because there are two different subjects).

8. The presidential candidate will campaign nonstop (in order) to win the election.

Source: Steer, M. Jocelyn and Carlisi, A. Karen. 1998. The Advanced Grammar Book. Heinle & Heinle Publishers.