ILLYRIAN ALTAIC CONCORDANCES
Although there are no similarities between Avars and Albanians there have been a lot of exchanges among Altaic languages and Illyrians. Although there is no clear evidence of a common ancestry, Aryan and Altaic languages share a great deal of cognates. The most spectacular similarity is the root/lemma *alpho- `white'
Root / lemma: albho- (*helba-)
Meaning: white, *precious, bright metal
German meaning: `weiß'
Comments:
Because of the common gr. - celt. kʷ > p, gʷ > b, the original root was actually *alkʷha- `white'. From the same old root *alkʷh- `white' derived Root / lemma: algh- (*helgh-): `frost, cold' and Root / lemma: algʷh- : `to earn, price, value, *precious, bright metal': Old Indian árhati ` is worth, earns, is obliged, debit ', arghá-ḥ ` value, validity, price ' (=osset. arɣ ` price, value '), av. arǝjaiti ` is worth, amounts for value ' (npers. arzīdan ` earn '), arǝjah- (es- stem) n. ` value, price '.
But gr. is the only IE tongue to preserve the old laryngeal he-.
Material:
Maybe alb. geg. alka, alkė ` white cream, wool' fat '
Note:
Alb. is the only IE tongue that has preserved the archaic *alkʷha- `white' root.
Gr. ἀλφός ` white rash ', ἀλφούς λευκούς Hes. (also ἀλωφός λευκός Hes., s. below), FlN ᾽Αλφειός;
lat. albus ` white, dead white; hence pale or bright; sometimes making bright; fig., fortunate ', umbr. alfu ` white ', osk. Alafaternum Alafaternum `Alfaternorum', prälig. Alafis ` Albius' (and many other names partly Etruscan coinage due to osk.-umbr. root alf-, as lat. alb-, s. Schulze Lat. Eig. 119 f.; etr. Pronunciation from lat. albus also must be that of Paul. Diac. 4 L. as Sabine called alpum); in addition albula, alburnus ` whitefish ', albarus ` white poplar ', albūcus ` asphodel plant ' etc.;
cymr. elfydd m. ` earth, world ' from *albíi̯o- (compare aksl. světъ ` light, world ');
ahd. albiz, elbiz, ags. aelbitu, ielfetu, anord. elptr, ǫlpt f. (germ. *alƀ-it-, -ut-) `swan', (forms -d- in animal names: s. Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 467, Charpentier KZ. 40, 433 f., Specht Dekl. 229; also:) aksl. lebedь, russ. lebedь lebjadь, in the ablaut to poln. ɫabędź, serb. lȁbud, čech. labud' ` swan ' (ursl. *olb-edь, -ędь, -ǫdь, compare to the latter suffix form lit. bal-añdis ` pigeon, dove ', actually ` white ';
see Meillet Et. 322, MSL. 14, 377, Schulze SBprAk. 1910, 800 = Kl. Schr. 122 f.; named after the color russ. lebedá, poln. lebioda, ɫoboda ` atriplex ', Lidén Stud. 97); ndl. alft, elft `whitefish' (formally = ahd. etc albiz `swan'; to loanword from lat. albula `whitish' in contrast to it Falk-Torp 189 f. are against, mhd. albel 'whitefish', nhd. Albe, nd. alf, albe 'whitefish'), compare lat. alburnus ds .;
Maybe lat. albulus -a -um `whitish; f. as subst. Albula -ae (sc. aqua), old name of the Tiber'.
nhd mdartl. Albums ` hard sand under the fertile earth ', schwed. mdartl. alf ds .;
probably also anord. alfr, ags. ælf, engl. elf (from which nhd. Elf m., Elfe f. borrowed), mnd. alf ` Аlp, grand, evil spirit ', mhd. nhd. Alp, Pl. the Alben (originally probably ` whitish nebulous figures '), as well as ahd. alba ` insect larva, locusta quae nondum volavit ', ndl. elften f. Pl. ` cock chafer grubs ', norw. alma ds. (m from the Gen. Pl. *albna, from which *almna).
Comments:
The Illyr. TN Albanoi is the plural form mhd. nhd. Alp, Pl. the Alben (originally probably ` whitish nebulous figures ') a primitive Indo European people who believed in evil spirits before an elaborate mythology developed later.
Arbėn `name of alb. during Middle Ages'
see to these germ. words esp. Falk-Torp under aame (4, 1428), al (19, 1431), alv (22, 1431), elv I (188 f., 1454), emd (189, 1454); as ` white water ' also the name of Elbe (lat. Albis, Albia, from germ. *Alƀī, Gen. Alƀiōz =), anord. elfr ` river ' and river name (in addition probably also mnd. elve ` riverbed '), compare gall. FlN Albis, Albā (now Aube; contrast Dubis, Dubā, i.e. ` Black water '), lat. Albula, gr. ᾽Αλφειός (see esp. Schulze SBprAk.1910, 797 = Kl. Schr. 120).
In contrast to this assumption, it is doubtful from or in which circumference names like gall.-lat. Albiōn, mir. Albbu, Gen. Albban (stem *Alb-i̯en-) 'Britain' (to cymr. elfydd or from the white chalk rocks), lat. Alpēs, ῎Αλπεις (alti montes?) and in ital., ligur. and kelt. Areas frequent local name like Alba, Albium below likewise on the concept ' white ' go back or, however, are not idg. derivation (Bertoldi BSL. 32, 148, ZrP. 56, 179 f.).
Arm. aɫauni ` pigeon, dove ', barely for *alabh-n- (Bugge KZ. 32, 1, Pedersen KZ. 38, 313), see below. About the affiliation of *albhi- *albhi- ` barley ' s. d.
Maybe here belongs Hett. al-pa-á (alpas) ` cloud ' in spite of Couvreur (H ̯ 106, 149) here.
To the ablaut: beside *albho-s seems to be two-syllable root form in gr. ἀλωφός (also ἐλεφιτίς?) and arm. aɫauni, and in addition tuned slav. intonation (serb. lȁbūd), s. Osthoff IF. 8, 64 f., Pedersen aaO.
This additional -bho- one syllable is in color names frequent suffix (e.g. lat. galbus lit. raĩbas 'in different colors, multicolored, dappled ' beside raĩnas; Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 388 f), *albhos is obtainable in monosyllabic root *al- and on the other hand ἀλωφός is possible according to Brugmann aaO.
to lit. al̃vas ` tin ' (` white metal '), apr. alwis `lead, plumbum', russ. ólovo `tin' (from idg. *alǝu̯o-? Balt. correspondences are borrowed according to Niedermann from the Slav.) stand in a similar relation, as gr. κορω-νός to lat. curv-us, Old Indian palā-la-ḥ (: palāv-aḥ) to apr. pelwo, also go back to a word root *alō[u]-: *alǝu-: *alu- (in arm. aɫawni and slav. words);
Note:
From Baltic languages the notion for `white metals, white color, sick white' passed to Altaic family:
Protoform: *ni̯ā̀lpá
Meaning: tin, lead
Tungus protoform: *ńālban
Japanese protoform: *nàmári
Comments: An interesting TM-Jpn. isogloss; cf. also Old Koguryo *naimul (see Miller 1979, 8). Jpn. *nàmá-ri < *nàpan-(r)i, with usual regressive nasalization.
Earlier:
Protoform: *ălpa
Meaning: unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms
Turkic protoform: *ălp-
Mongolian protoform: *alba-n
Tungus protoform: *alba-
Korean protoform: *àrphằ-
Japanese protoform: *apar-
Comments: Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 110-111.
gr. ἐλεφιτίς is sufficient by the reshuffle to which animal names and plant names are exposed everywhere, in order to ensure in addition still *ale-bh-;
here as ` the shining one ' gall. alausa ` European shad, twaite shad ' (frz. alose, span. alosa), compare also gall. GN Alaunos, Alounae, brit. FlN Alaunos (nengl. Aln), cymr. PN Alun as well as arm. aɫauni ` pigeon, dove ' from *alǝu-n-.
A stem form ali- ` white ' is not provabe, in spite of Specht Dekl. 114, because hett. ali- ` white ' appears very uncertain (Couvreur H̯ 149 f., Friedrich IF. 58, 94) and gr. ἀλίφαλος, ἀλίφατα, ἄλiξ are to be explained differently.
Here, however, probably (as a `pale yellow plant ') hisp.-lat. ala `inula, Alant' (Isid.), span.-portug. ala ds., furthermore with -nt-suffix ahd. alant ds., with it etymological identically the fish name ahd. alunt (newer alant), as. alund ` whitefish, Alant ' = (with gramm. alteration) aisl. -ǫlunn ` a fish ', idg. Basic form *al-n̥t-/*al-ont-. The original meaning of al- is probably` white, shining ', hence, then also 'pale yellow' etc.
Protoform: *ălp
Meaning: 1 difficult, hard 2 warrior 3 hero 4 brave 5 giant 6 landlord
Old Turkic: alp 1, 2, 4 (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.); alp-a-ɣut 2 (OUygh.).
Karakhanid: alp 2, 4 (MK, KB, Tefs., IM); alpaɣut 2 (MK)
Middle Turkic: alp 2, 3 (Sngl).
Turkish: alp 3, 4
Tatar: alɨp 3, 5, alpawɨt 2
Kirghiz: alp 3, 4, 5, albūt 'hot-tempered'
Kazakh: alɨp 5, albɨt, albɨrt 'hot-tempered'
Karakalpak: alp 3, 5, albɨra- 'be exhausted, embarassed'
Uzbek: alp 3
Uighur: alpawut 2
Bashkir: alpawɨt 2, alpamɨa 5 (from Alp Amɨa, a folklore name, = Tat.)
Khakassian: alɨp 4, albɨx- 'to act as a meddler'
Altai: alɨp 4
Shor: alɨp 4
Chuvash: olъp 5, olbut 2
Yakut: alɨp 'witchcraft; part of some names of spirits'
Comments: EDT 127-128, VEWT 18, ЭСТЯ I 139, Федотов 2, 276. Clauson's hypothesis that the reflexes of *alpawut in recent languages are the result of a re-borrowing from Mong. (cf. Lit. Mong. albaɣut (Kow. 84) < Turk.), partly contaminated with Mong. alban 'tax', is unnecessary: a semantic shift 'warrior' > 'gentry' > 'landlord' seems to be natural. Cf. a borrowing from Mong. alba-tu in Tuva, Oyr. albatu, albatɨ, Kirgh. albatɨ 'tax-payers, people'.
Protoform: *alba-n
Meaning: 1 compulsion, forcing 2 to force 3 service, duty
Written Mongolian: alba(n) 1, 3 (L 27)
Middle Mongolian: alban 3 (HYt)
Khalkha: alba 3, alba-da- 2
Buriat: alba(n) 3, alba-da- 2
Kalmuck: alwǝ, alwṇ 1, 3
Ordos: alba 3, alba-da- 2, to take a tribute
Monguor: arwan 3 (SM 15), alwan (MGCD)
Dagur: alba 3 (Тод. Даг. 119), alebe 3 (MD 112)
Comments: KW 9, MGCD 101. Mong. > Shor alban etc. (VEWT 16, Щербак 1997, 199); > Man. alban etc. (Doerfer MT 116, Rozycki 15), Russ. dial. albán, Oyr. alman > Russ. Siber. almán (Аникин 81, 83).
Protoform: *alba-
Meaning: 1 to be unable 2 lazy
Evenki: alba- 1
Even: albъ̣- 1
Negidal: alba- 1
Nanai: albaqto 2
Orok: alba- 1
Comments: ТМС 1, 30.
Protoform: *àrphằ-
Meaning: to be ill
Modern Korean: aphɨ-
Middle Korean: àrphằ-
Comments: Nam 347, KED 1078.
Protoform: *apar-
Meaning: to pity
Old Japanese: apare-m-
Tokyo: awaré-m-
Kyoto: áwáré-m-
Kagoshima: àwàrè-m-
Comments: JLTT 388, 679. The accent situation is not quite clear: modern dialects rather uniformly point to low tone (also in the noun *apara-i 'sympathy, pity' > Tokyo áware, Kyoto áwàrè, Kagoshima awaré); but the only accentuation attested in RJ is ápáre-b-.