Aum Gung Ganapathaye Namah
Namo tassa bhagavato arahato samma-sambuddhassa
Homage to The Blessed One, Accomplished and Fully Enlightened
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious,
Most Merciful
International Stalking and Cyberstalking
in
A
Collection of Articles, Notes and References
Reference
Chapter 2
(Revised:
References Edited By
Praise the Buddha
Whats in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet.
- William Shakespeare
Copyright © 2002-2010 Praise
the Buddha
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Should NOT be used for commercial, political or any other
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8 "... Freely you
received, freely give.
- Matthew 10:8 ::
New American Standard Bible (NASB)
1
But mark this: There will be terrible times in the last days.
2
People will be lovers
of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, proud, abusive,
disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy,
3
without love, unforgiving, slanderous, without self-control,
brutal, not lovers of the good,
4
treacherous, rash, conceited, lovers of pleasure
rather than lovers
of God
5 having a form of godliness
but denying
its power. Have nothing to do with them.
6
They are the
kind who worm their way into homes and gain control over weak-willed women, who are loaded down with sins and are swayed by all kinds of evil desires,
7 always learning but never able to acknowledge the truth.
8
Just as Jannes and Jambres
opposed Moses, so also these men oppose the truth--men of depraved minds, who, as far as the faith is concerned, are rejected.
9
But they will not get very far because, as in the case of those men, their folly will be clear to everyone.
- 2 Timothy 3:1-9 ::
New International Version (NIV)
The right to be left alone the most comprehensive of rights,
and the right most valued by a free people
- Justice Louis Brandeis, Olmstead
v.
15
I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would thou wert cold or
hot.
16
So then because thou
art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue
thee out of my mouth.
- Revelation 3:15-16
:: King James Version (KJV)
6 As he saith also in another place,
Thou art a
priest for ever after the
order of Melchisedec.
- Hebrews 5:6 ::
King James Version (KJV)
Therefore,
I say:
Know your enemy and know yourself;
in a hundred battles, you
will never be defeated.
When you are ignorant of the enemy but know yourself,
your chances of winning or
losing are equal.
If
ignorant both of your enemy and of yourself,
you are sure to be defeated in every battle.
-- Sun Tzu, The Art of War, c. 500bc
10 My son, if sinners entice thee, consent thou not.
- Proverbs
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Reference
Associated Press. (
http://www.seacoastonline.com/2000news/1_22_sb1.htm
Police search home of man accused of stalking bomb victim
By Associated Press
MEDFORD, Mass. (AP) - Police searched the home of a man accused of stalking a woman who was later killed by a package bomb, but the man denied involvement in the woman's death.
Steven Caruso, 44, of Medford, had not been identified as a suspect in the death of Sandra Berfield. Caruso is ``shocked'' by allegations of his involvement, said his attorney, Elliot Levine, on Friday.
Friends said Berfield
was so afraid of Caruso that she slept with a knife and installed a surveillance
camera at her
Berfield may
have let her guard down on Thursday when she carried into her apartment a
package left on her doorstep. The bomb inside exploded,
killing her.
Berfield,
32, obtained a civil restraining order
against Caruso in October 1998. In documents written in her own hand, she said she
believed he was responsible for the tires slashed on her car. She said he had
poured antifreeze in her gas tank. And she accused
him of stalking her at home and the restaurant where she worked.
``He was told that I wouldn't wait on him anymore ... because he was scaring me and making me uncomfortable,'' she wrote.
Caruso denied
the allegations, according to court documents, chalking them up to Berfield's ``hysteria.''
He was ordered to stay away from her home as well as the Bickford's restaurant
in
``He was a patron where she
worked and he knew her for years and he never had a problem with her. Then, all
of a sudden, she made allegations against him,'' Levine said. ``He never asked her out, never was romantically
interested in her.''
Levine said the restraining order
against Caruso wasn't the first that Berfield had
taken out. Court records showed that Berfield had
taken out another restraining order in 1993 against a boyfriend who was
bothering her at Bickford's and at home, The
Caruso was charged with malicious destruction of property in November for the damage to Berfield's car. He was ordered held for 60 days because authorities believed he was dangerous, but was then released on bail before his trial.
His bail was revoked, however, after Berfield said he was lurking outside Bickford's restaurant in violation of the restraining order. He was jailed until his trial, and was convicted in May of property destruction.
Caruso is appealing the conviction, Levine said.
He was sentenced to six months in jail, plus a year's probation, but was released in July.
Caruso was
described as a computer wiz and handyman who was competent in electrical,
mechanical, plumbing and woodworking jobs. He had studied photography at
the
Barbara Freedman, a drama professor at Tufts University, said she had become close friends with Caruso after he did some handiwork for her.
``He is an enormously kind and gentle person who goes out of his way to help people,'' Freedman said. ``The charges of property damage against this woman's car were ridiculous and did not in any way fit his character or the circumstances.''
While not drawing a conclusion in
the case, Middlesex District Attorney Martha Coakley
said Berfield would have had more legal protections had she been
romantically involved with Caruso.
Criminal
restraining orders are reserved for people who are related to or dating their
alleged stalkers or assailants. Berfield never had a
relationship with Caruso, friends said, so the only restraining order available
to her was through the civil courts.
Civil
restraining orders are more difficult to come by. And those who violate them aren't
jailed as often as violators of criminal restraining orders, Coakley said.
Coakley would not say if anything was found during the search of Caruso's home.
Asked
whether the legal system failed Berfield, Coakley
said, ``She's on an autopsy table. I guess I'd have to say yes.''
After
Caruso's release from jail, Berfield was always
looking over her shoulder, friends said.
Daniel Menendez, the general manager at Bickford's, said Berfield would often go to the restaurant's windows to see if Caruso was there.
Berfield had reportedly installed a video camera in her apartment in an attempt to catch Caruso in front of her building after her car had been vandalized. Prosecutors would not confirm the report or say if there was any videotape evidence.
On Friday, officials made a preliminary identification of the victim as Berfield. Coakley said the autopsy was ongoing.
Friends and coworkers described Berfield as giving and kind.
At Bickford's, where she waited tables for 12 years, she befriended a homeless man and would buy him meals out of her tips on a regular basis, Menendez said.
Berfield lived alone. She had a 12-year-old daughter who died about three years ago from spina bifida. She was known to take part in fund-raisers to help fight the disease.
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Cyberlaw Consultant. (
http://www.financialexpress.com/fe/daily/20000727/fco27021.html
Legislation to check cyber stalking needed urgently
CYBERLAW CONSULTANT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cybercrime seems to have suddenly taken the fancy of many
people and it has repeatedly been in the news. Even the Minister for
Information Technology, Pramod Mahajan
is talking about establishing an e-court for specifically trying Cyber crimes. And none too soon. Because as various cases pertaining to Cyber crime
continue to emerge, the authorities are clearly baffled and at a lose end, for
they are unsure about how to fight cyber crime. Take for instance, cyber
stalking, the latest in the series, which has come to fore in
Recently,
the
Consequently
Ritu Kohli was getting
obscene calls from different chatters from various parts of
But the case of Ritu Kohli raises the crucial issue as to what exactly is Cyber stalking? Cyber stalking is defined as unwarranted, threatening behavioral pattern or advances directed by one Internet user against another with the purpose of harassing the other user, by using the Internet as the medium. Cyber stalking is a relatively new phenomenon.
The
Ritu Kohli cyber stalking
incident demonstrates how effectively people can use the Internet to harass
others by remaining anonymous and how they can create havoc with the life and
psyche of the victim.
In
the case of Ritu Kohli, the
accused admitted his guilt and attributed revenge as the motive of committing
the said crime. However, the present case raises numerous Cyberlaw
issues. Do
netizens have any privacy in Cyberspace? Can their
privacy be intruded upon by any person in cyberspace? If any person intrudes
upon another person privacy, what is the remedy? In
the present case, when somebody harasses another person for the purpose of
taking revenge, what should be the punishment?
Various
countries have different laws relating to stalking and some states of the
However,
in
These include tampering with computer source documents, hacking with computer system, publishing of information which is obscene in electronic form, misrepresentation to or suppression of material facts from the Controller or the Certifying Authority for obtaining any licence or digital signature certificate, breach of confidentiality and privacy and publishing Digital Signature Certificate false in certain particulars or publication for fraudulent purpose.
However, a perusal of Chapter IX of IT Act, 2000 shows that cyber stalking is not covered within the same. Even section 509 of the Indian Penal Code only talks of word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman. The perusal of the said section mandates that any word should be uttered or sound or gesture be made or any object be exhibited with the intention that such word or sound shall be heard, or that such gesture or object shall be seen, by such woman. However, when one person chats on the Internet in the legal sense, he does nothing of the said things. The sad diagnosis: None of the conditions stipulated in section 509 of IPC cover cyber stalking.
The
emergence of cyber stalking in
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Reference
Institute for Conflict Resolution, Stalking.
http://www.workconflicts.com/Stalking2.html
Stalking
Stalking is a very complicated issue. There are three distinct stalker profiles:
1. Erotomanic: A delusional state in which the stalkers believe they are loved by another, typically someone of higher status. This delusion is one of idealized love. The person is convinced that the object, usually of the opposite sex, fervently loves him/her, and would return that love if not for external circumstances.
2. Love
Obsessional: There
is no prior relationship between the suspect and the victim. "He/she would
love me if only given a chance !" A campaign is
begun by the stalker to make his existence known to the victim.
3. Simple Obsessional: There is some type of prior knowledge or relationship. Stalking begins:
(a) after the relationship had gone "sour" or
(b) there is a perception by the stalker of mistreatment.
The subject then begins a campaign either to rectify the schism or seeks some form of retribution.
Within each of the above types of stalkers, exist different victim/suspect profiles, motivations and directed patterns of harassment and/or threatening behavior.
The behavior or threats of the
stalker are never to be taken lightly. The prognosis is poor and the possibility of vandalism and violence is very real.
A. It is extremely important that sufficient time and resources be made available to the victim.
B. If we are to be successful in managing and intervening in stalking cases, an accurate assessment must be made as to the type of stalking profile involved.
Victim intervention encompasses three main considerations:
1. Education: Time should be spent to help the victim develop a perspective into her/his problem. The victim should be made aware of the many security options available to help ensure her/his safety both at work and at home.
2. Behavior Modifications: Changing of phone numbers, modifying social habits will help. If the stalker knows victim's residence, a change of address may be necessary. In some instances, job relocation is important.
3. Therapeutic: "You did nothing wrong to warrant what is happening to you!" Victim needs psychological support both from the institution and from law enforcement. Considerable anxiety and fear can be reduced in the process. Support groups are also helpful, including assistance in self-defense. The victim needs to develop a better self-image and feel empowered to become more assertive.
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Reference
Julian Boon and
http://www.psychminded.co.uk/book%20reviews/0402/Stalking%20and%20psychosexual%20obsession.htm
the legal recognition of stalking-systematic
harassment and intimidation directed at one individual by another-has only
recently been recognised as a
distinct form of criminality.
One of the important features of stalking as a crime is that its appearance sometimes presages even more serious criminal acts against the victim, including physical violence and murder.
little is known about the personality and background of the men and women who become stalkers.
Its very ubiquity in Western societies (we know little of stalking in other cultures) may owe something to the ease of communication between individuals that we prize today.
Preface
Stalking was labelled "the crime of the nineties". Even so, despite international media interest, surprisingly little research was conducted into the phenomenon until the late 1990s.
The media coverage of stalking meant that anecdotal and sensationalist accounts were far more prevalent than were systematic investigations. The words of one British victim, writing in 1996, neatly outlines the situation as it was then: "Stalking is one of the most serious crimes of the 1990s, but no one, apart from the victims, seem to realise it".
As we have moved into the 21st century, increased interest from the media, writers, the public, academics, clinicians and law enforcement agencies has led to the emergence of a more informed picture. Stalking is now rightly recognised as a significant social problem. Still, however, there are a number of areas in which any detailed information is extremely scant. One of the most fundamental unresolved issues associated with stalking concerns definition. That is, there exists no agreed definition of what the phenomenon actually constitutes, nor is it entirely clear who the stalkers or their victims are likely to be.
One thing all attempts at defining stalking must address is that it is an extraordinary type of crime. Often it may consist of no more than the targeted repetition of an ostensibly ordinary or routine behaviour. The major legislative difficulty is that the term "stalking" does not apply to a single action or actions which can easily be defined in legal terms and prohibited: rather, it embraces a multitude of activities. For example, stalkers can harass victims using illegal actions, such as making obscene phone calls or committing acts of violence. Frequently, though, stalkers do not overtly threaten, but use behaviour which is ostensibly routine and harmless, and not in itself illegal. Examples of this might include following somebody around a shop, or frequently driving past their house.
As far as the general public is
concerned, it may be that stalking is like great art: they
cannot define it, but know it when they see it.
define "stalking" activity as being composed of "a set of actions which, taken as a whole, amount to harassment or intimidation directed at one individual by another".
Reflecting these objectives, the chapters which follow have been contributed by international figures from a diverse range of backgrounds and expertise. Specifically, the range of issues that have been covered relate to differing facets of victimology, classificatory systems and stalkers, the role of stalker violence, the treatment of offenders, and the global legal context. These are complemented by chapters on aspects of stalking that have been covered less extensively to date, such as stalking from female and young populations, and cyberstalking.
Additional aspects are developed
in Chapters 10-12. First, Paul Fitzgerald of Melbourne and Mary Seeman from
Ann Burgess and Timothy Baker look at new developments in cyberstalking, with reference to case examples and advice to victims.
Collectively, the foregoing chapters represent a showcase of that which is currently internationally known about the phenomenon of stalking and psychosexual harassment.
presage
n
1: a
foreboding about what is about to happen
2: a
sign of something about to happen; "he looked for an omen before going
into battle" [syn: omen, portent, prognostic]
v
indicate by
signs; "These signs bode bad news" [syn:
bode, portend, auspicate, prognosticate, omen, betoken, foreshadow, augur,
foretell, prefigure, forecast, predict]
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Reference
Klein,
Matthew. (March
1998) Stalking
Situations. American
Demographics, Kaleidoscope.
http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Campus/5925/ad980311.htm
men are more likely to be stalked by strangers, and half of male victims' stalkers had an accomplice.
Of the people who have been victimized by stalkers, 75 percent say they had been spied on or followed,
Incidents of stalking usually end within one to two years, with most episodes lasting less than a year. But the emotional and social disruption caused by the crime can continue after that. One in three victims has sought psychological treatment, while one in five lost time from work and 7 percent never returned to work.
NIJ researchers defined the situation as "a course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated physical or visual proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written, or implied threats sufficient to cause fear in a reasonable person."
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Reference
Lalitha Sridhar.
(
http://www.indianest.com/wfs/wfs099.htm
But, as law enforcers are finding out, their effect on the real world is devastating; preventing and detecting cyber crimes is now being given priority.
At times, these assume the character of organized crime, involving accounting, management, administrative and political establishments. Even as law enforcers struggle to cope, other - and newer - violations loom large, the victims falling into an anonymous abyss.
Studies have shown that about 60 per cent of all websites are sexual in content. Twenty per cent of them solicited their visitors, 13 per cent went voluntarily and the rest were pictorially lured.
Cyber stalking happens when a person is followed and pursued online, privacy invaded, and every move watched.
In Mumbai, a 16-year-old-boy was kidnapped by a woman pedophile.
Cyber
victims could be using inappropriate language or displaying an excessive fear
of some places or things.
India is one of the few countries that has adopted the Information Technology Act, 2000.
But in what is widely acknowledged as a glaring lapse, it does not cover cyber stalking or child abuse. Unlike in a real world crime, a cyber crime is generally not preceded by a motive, the time zones can be different and a crime cannot be pinpointed to a particular hour. The crime could originate in one continent and target victims in another part of the world. Investigators find that data can be easily destroyed while clinching evidence is difficult to collect from voluminous weblogs, network and hard disk contents. Often, only strong circumstantial evidence is available.
"Finding a stalker is difficult, securing evidence even more so. The best defence is certainly prevention," Lalitha says.
Says Sundari
Nanda, Deputy Inspector General of the Indian Central
Bureau of Investigation's pioneering Cyber Crime Cell, set up in 2000:
"Cyber crime is simply a normal crime facilitated by information
technology. Most cutting edge law enforcement
functionaries are not tuned into this yet.
Says Nanda,
"Meaningful linkages and cooperation between agencies is vital to cyber
crime-solving. Cyberspace is an extension of the
human experience. Internet users have to be made aware that there is an
authority to complain to."
"Teenagers exult in an environment without strictures," continues Nanda, "They find their newly-found independence linked to a cyber identity. They find it exciting but they are extremely vulnerable."
Public
awareness, she says, is essential.
"Women, teenagers and
children have to be made wary of dating services and chat rooms for they are
especially risky. No one is required to share personal profiles and information
on 'public' spaces in the computer - hardly 10 to
15 per cent of the data sought is mandatory.
"Although
limited Internet penetration curtails the number of possible victims, connectivity is growing by the day in
It took 38
years for radio to reach 50 million people. Television
reached the same number in 13 years. The Internet did it in four. By the
end of 2002, there are expected to be 800 million Internet subscribers in the
world. NASSCOM predicts there will be 23 million
Net users in
Cyber
crimes multiply, meanwhile, undetected and little-understood. When the victim
does not even understand what his/her rights are, when the law is unclear about
what precisely constitutes a crime, and when old infrastructure judges
constantly changing technologies, cyber criminals can remain virtually free of
both punishment and repentance.
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Reference
Orland,
Kevin. (
http://www.sunherald.com/mld/sunherald/news/politics/5119494.htm
Posted on Thu,
Satellite stalking: Latest hi-tech crime
KEVIN ORLAND
Associated Press
He would follow her as she drove to work or ran errands. He would inexplicably pull up next to her at stoplights and once tried to run her off the highway, authorities said.
When he showed up at a bar she
was visiting for the first time, on a date,
"He told me no matter where I went or what I did, he would know where
I was,"
Police say
"As
technology advances, it's going to be almost impossible for victims to flee and
get to safety," said Cindy Southworth,
director of technology at the National Network to End Domestic Violence in
Police say Seidler
put a global positioning tracking device between
the radiator and grill of
Trucking companies use GPS systems to track hazardous cargo and monitor drivers. Corrections authorities use them to monitor sex offenders. Hikers, boaters and motorists use GPS devices to keep from getting lost. The technology is also being built into cell phones to help emergency dispatchers find 911 callers. They're also being used to prevent car theft.
In the
Southworth trains victims advocates, law enforcement and prosecutors on stalkers' use of the technology, which she says is only just beginning to be abused.
The
In it, a
GPS is not the first technology to be misused by stalkers, who have also employed the Internet, microchip-sized cameras and even caller identification, said Southworth, though it is the most dangerous to date.
Just as she once taught victims how to block caller ID when they use the phone, Southworth now suggests victims occasionally check under the hood of their car.
Tracy Bahm, the Stalking Resource Center's director, said some states are working to update their stalking statutes to include the high-tech variety.
The center typically advises states to keep their statutes broad enough to include technologies that don't yet exist.
"As society and technology evolve, stalkers will always find new ways to harass their victims," Bahm said.
ON THE NET
Stalking
National Network to End Domestic Violence: http://www.nnedv.org
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http://www.geocities.com/praisethebuddha/stalking/refer/chap2.html
Published on internet:
1st
Re-publish on internet: Wednesday, July 09, 2003
Revised:
Wednesday, January 12, 2005
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Thou
belongest to That Which Is Undying, and not merely to time alone, murmured the Sphinx, breaking its
muteness at last. Thou art eternal,
and not merely
of the vanishing flesh. The
soul in man cannot be killed, cannot
die. It waits, shroud-wrapped,
in thy heart, as I waited, sand-wrapped, in
thy world. Know thyself, O mortal! For there is One within thee,
as in all men, that comes and stands at the bar and bears witness that there IS a God!
(Reference: Brunton, Paul. (1962) A Search in Secret
Amen