Aum Gung Ganapathaye Namah

Namo tassa bhagavato arahato samma-sambuddhassa

Homage to The Blessed One, Accomplished and Fully Enlightened

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

Tantric Buddhism

A Collection of Articles, Notes and References

Reference Chapter 2

 (Revised: Wednesday, January 12, 2005)

References Edited by

Praise the Buddha

What’s in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet.

- William Shakespeare

Copyright © 2002-2010 Praise the Buddha

The following educational writings are STRICTLY for academic research purposes ONLY.

Should NOT be used for commercial, political or any other purposes.

(The following notes are subject to update and revision)

For free distribution only.
You may print copies of this work for free distribution.

You may re-format and redistribute this work for use on computers and computer networks, provided that you charge no fees for its distribution or use.
Otherwise, all rights reserved.

8 "... Freely you received, freely give”.

            - Matthew 10:8 :: New American Standard Bible (NASB)

 

1 “But mark this: There will be terrible times in the last days.

2 People will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, proud, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy,

3 without love, unforgiving, slanderous, without self-control, brutal, not lovers of the good,

4 treacherous, rash, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God

5 having a form of godliness but denying its power. Have nothing to do with them.

6 They are the kind who worm their way into homes and gain control over weak-willed women, who are loaded down with sins and are swayed by all kinds of evil desires,

7 always learning but never able to acknowledge the truth.                                                                  

8 Just as Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so also these men oppose the truth--men of depraved minds, who, as far as the faith is concerned, are rejected.

9 But they will not get very far because, as in the case of those men, their folly will be clear to everyone.”

            - 2 Timothy 3:1-9  :: New International Version (NIV)

 

6 As he saith also in another place, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec.

            - Hebrews 5:6 :: King James Version (KJV)

 

Contents

Color Code

Educational Copy of Some of the References

 

Color Code

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Color Code                                                               Identification

 

Main Title                                                                  Color: Pink

Sub Title                                                                   Color: Rose

Minor Title                                                                Color: Gray – 50%

 

Collected Article Author                                       Color: Lime

Date of Article                                                          Color: Light Orange

Collected Article                                                      Color: Sea Green

Collected Sub-notes                                              Color: Indigo

 

Personal Notes                                                       Color: Black

Personal Comments                                             Color: Brown

Personal Sub-notes                                              Color: Blue - Gray

 

Collected Article Highlight                                    Color: Orange

Collected Article Highlight                                    Color: Lavender

Collected Article Highlight                                    Color: Aqua

Collected Article Highlight                                    Color: Pale Blue

 

Personal Notes Highlight                                     Color: Gold

Personal Notes Highlight                                     Color: Tan

 

HTML                                                                         Color: Blue

Vocabulary                                                               Color: Violet

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

 

Due to space constraints, the new updates are given in a sister website. Click Tantric Buddhism

 

Educational Copy of Some of the References

FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Reference (Key points only)

Encyclopaedia of Buddhist Tantra /edited by Sadhu Santideva. Delhi, Cosmo, 2001, 5 Volumes, 1522 p., ISBN 81-7755-142-6.

http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no19658.htm

 

Contents:

Vol. I:

10. The fourteen root Tantric vows.

16. What is Tantrariding the wisdom tiger.

17. Discrimination between Buddhist and Hindu Tantra.

Vol. II:

28. Supernatural power, Buddhist and Hindu.

29. The eighty-four Mahasiddhas and the path of Tantra.

30. Tantric songs and twilight language.

31. Tantric sex.

32. Magic Tantra: philosophy and history of Tantra.

33. Divine sexuality.

34. The wheel of passion.

35. Significance of protectors.

40. The nine orifices of the body.

Vol. III:

44. The five owl precepts.

45. The foundational practices of Vajrayana—essential points.

50. Divinity in Buddhist Tantras.

51. Introduction to Vajrayana.

52. Vajrayana Buddhist teachings in the tradition of the Mahasiddhas nine teachings modules.

53. The Buddhist mystical tradition.

54. Initiation of disciples.

55. Vajrayana meditation.

Vol. IV:

66. On Buddhist views of devouring time.

67. Early Yogacara and its relationship with the modern school.

68. Influence of Yogacara and Tantras.

69. Embracing emotions as the path colours and elements in Tantric psychology.

76. An introduction to meditation practice.

Vol. V:

77. Moving being—primal energy exercise of Tibetan Dzogchen.

79. Woman and the Dakini.

80. Development of Tantric Buddhism.

81. Epitome of Shantideva’s "Entering the path to enlightenment".

82. Pretas and Pitaras.

83. Formal expression of the Preta belief, Buddhist conception of spirit.

84. First expression of the Preta belief in Buddhism.

85. Physical description of the Pretas.

86. Developing Samadhi.

87. Discourses on Sila, Samadhi and Panna.

88. Blavatsky "Esoteric Buddhism".

89. A Buddhist perspective on Lucid dreaming.

90. Mystical physiological system.

 

"The term Tantra refers to a pan-Indian religious movements (also called Tantrism) that arose in about the 6 century AD within both Buddhism and Hinduism and to the texts (either Buddhist or Hindu) setting forth its practices and beliefs. The main emphasis of Tantrism is on the development of the devotee’s dormant psychophysical powers by means of special meditations and ritual techniques. These are essentially esoteric and must be passed on personally from master to initiate. Stressing the coordination of body, speech, and mind, they include the use of symbolic gestures (mudras); the uttering of potent formulas (Mantras); the entering (through meditation) of sacred diagrams (mandalas) and yantras; the meditator’s creative visualization of and identification with specific divine forms; and the physical, iconographic, or mental use of sexual forces and symbols.

 

"In Buddhist tradition the word Tantra normally refers to a special class of the Buddha’s teachings and more specifically to the scriptures that embody it. But contrary to its normal usage, the word does not usually refer to the whole system of Tantric practice and theory. For the doctrinal system of Tantra, the terms Mantrayana ("Mantra Vehicle") and Vajrayana ("Vajra" or Adamantine Vehicle") are used instead.

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Reference (Key points only)

Vajrayana (Tantric Buddhism)

http://www.kheper.net/topics/Buddhism/Vajrayana.htm

 

Vajrayana metaphysics is, like Indian Tantra, a hybrid affair: a coming together of Indian Tantrism, Mahayana Buddhism, and the original aboriginal shamanism - the Bon tradition - of Tibet itself.  Like the Nathas, Shaktas, and Shaivites, the Vajrayanists postulated a subtle or iconographic body, made up of chakras, nadis, and subtle winds (vayu).  And like their Indian counterparts they worked on manipulating the forces of this subtle body through yoga in order to attain spiritual enlightenment.  But Vajrayana tantra diverged very early from Indian tantra.  Instead of the later seven-chakra model, they retain an earlier four chak-ra schema of navel, heart, throat, and head centres.  Starting from this four-chakra foundation, the Vajrayanists - like the Indian tantics - built up a very elaborate system of corrrespondences.

 

There are a number of other important differences to Indian (Shakta) Tantra as well.  In Indian tantra one starts form the base chakra and progresses up.  In Tibetan tantra one starts from the head, which is the "lowest" level of consciousness (body, waking consciousness, wrathful deities), and progresses down to the heart, which is the highest level of consciousness.

 

With Indian Tantra the kundalini is awakened through specific breathing practices and yoga-postures.  The prana or vital-force of the subtle body is thus manipulated through the breath and the physical body; through an extension of Hatha yoga which, the reader will recall, was associated from the beginning with Indian Tantra.  In contrast, Vajrayana practice involves manipulating the vital force through the mind and concentration.  Through intense visualisation of deities and so on, one activates the inner "winds" (= prana = ch'i) and "drops".

 

The Instead of the Kundalini-Shakti or "Serpent Fire" of Shakta Tantrism, Vajrayana has the Tumo (literally "fierce woman").  Through intense visualisation of deities and concentration upon the "lower tip" (the minor chakra at the tip of the sex-organ), the winds (prana) are drawn into the lower opening of the central channel (sushumna), producing an intense heat, called tumo [Daniel Cozort, Highest Yoga Tantra, p.71].  In her fascinating book, Magic and Mystery in Tibet Alexandra David-Neel popularised stories of Tibetan yogis drying icy sheets with their naked bodies outside in the middle of winter.  That is a showy exhibition of tumo.  Real tumo of course is the tantric meditation itself.

 

As a result of the tumo-heat, the drops melt and enter the central channel.  The red "female" drops in the navel chakra ascends to the  heart chakra, while the white drops in the crown chakra descend to the same chakra.  The bliss of the drops flowing in the central channel is said to be a hundred times greater than that of orgasm [p.71].  The drops, moving up or down the central channel, finally enter the "indestructable drop" in the heart chakra, so called because it is said to be drop that passes from life-time to life-time, taking with it the "very subtle mind" and "very subtle wind"  [p.72].

 

The entire visualisation or meditation stage itself is called the stage of Generation, as its purpose of is to construct or generate an actual enlightenment or buddha-body, the stage of Completion.  The result of all this is that one rises in an "illusory body", so called because it is a spirit body rather than a physical body, and at death, rather than be caught up by the bardo and reincarnation, one  remains in full consciousness in the illusory body, so attaining Buddhahood.

(Reference: Vajrayana (Tantric Buddhism).)

 

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Reference (Key points only)

Chapter 6: The Tibetan After-Life: The "Bardo" or Intermediate State

http://www.kheper.net/topics/bardo/tibetan.html

 

Padmasambhava, the lengendary Indian Tantric master who was said to have introduced Buddhism to Tibet in the middle of the eighth century, conquering and converting all the native demons and deities in the process.

…the moment of death is considered the highest state of consciousness.

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Reference (Key points only)

The Origin and History of Tantra

http://www.kheper.net/topics/Tantra/history.htm

 

The word "Tantra" comes from the root tan, to "extend", "continue", “multiply".  "Tantra" means "what extends knowledge"

Some Indian pandits and Western scholars argue that Tantra constitutes the continuation of the original Indian aboriginal tradition (especially the Dravidian), which predates the coming of the Indo-European Aryan invaders and their Vedic religion (2nd millenium b.c.e.).  According to this theory, the ritualistic Vedism and the yogic-mystical aboriginal tradition co-existed independently for some time.  But the Aryan political takeover, and intermarriage with the native population, resulted in the Dravidian religion being assimilated into the Vedic the result of the merger being the mystical Hinduism of the Upanishads.

Growing out of this yogic tradition, Tantra appears in provinces that had not been strongly Vedicised: e.g. the Northwest, Bengal, and the South (Eliade, Ibid p.201) in the fourth century of the common era.  Within the space of a few centuries it had attained pan-Indian inflence.  A number of distinct and independent branches developed, so that one can speak of Mahayana Buddhist tantrism (Tibetan Vajrayana, "adamantine vehicle", and Japanese Shingon "Mantra teaching") Shaivite tantrism (in Kashmir, emphasising the monistic Vedantic perspective), Natha tantrism (a hybrid Shaivite yogic movement), Shakta tantra (in Bengal, emphasising the chakras, kundalini, and occult practices), cosmological tantrism (the Pancharatra movement), Jain tantrism, and even Vaishvana tantrism (among devotees of Vishnu and Krishna).

This was the period of classical Tantra, which lasted for some centuries.  Nowdays Tantra remains as a living tradition only among the Tibetan people (Vajrayana Buddhism), or at least was until the Chinese communist invasion, although strong traditional remnants also occur elsewhere - for example in areas of India and in Japan.

Although we often hear the word "Tantra" nowadays in the various alternative religions that have recently sprung up in the West, such as the teachings of the various Gurus - Rajneesh, Muktananda, etc - this has little to do with the original movement

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Reference (Key points only)

Edwards, Cliff. (Fall 2002) A Few Notes on Norman Dubie's The Spirit Tablets at Goa Lake. Blackbird, Vol. 1, No. 2.

http://www.blackbird.vcu.edu/v1n2/poetry/dubie_n/notes.htm

 

Pre-Buddhist Tibet embraced a shamanism focused on divination, exorcism, coercive magic, and guidance for spirits on their death journeys. Indian Tantrism added to this shamanism its own secret texts and initiations that involved complex mandalas or power-circles mapping the universe and empowering the initiate. Indian Tantrism found a home in Tibet's "third vehicle" of Buddhism, the thunderbolt or diamond vehicle called Vajrayana. Vajrayana furnished Tantra's mandalas with cosmic Buddhas, employed mantras or meditation syllables capable of changing the very structure of reality, and taught mudras or hand-gestures that brought siddhi or magical powers to adepts. This Tantric-Buddhist-Shamanistic mix celebrated the power of women called "dakinis" (khadroma), "sky-walkers" whose spiritual guidance was essential for initiates. The sexual union symbolized in the joining of vajra and lotus, and in the mantra, "Om Mani Padma Hum" ("the jewel is in the lotus"), transcended dualism and brought about the unity of compassion and wisdom, emptiness and bliss. Embodied in all these practices was the Buddhist sense expressed in the opening verse of the Buddhist Dhammapada: "We are what we think. . . . With our thoughts we make the world." In Tibetan Buddhism, monsters and gods alike might well be viewed as creatures of the mind or karmic projections. Projections or not, they could be powerful forces to reckon with.

Several books currently in many bookstores will help explain Tantric, Vajrayana concepts and terms met in Dubie's poem. The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen (Boston: Shambhala, 1991) allows one to turn to definitions of Tantrism, Vajrayana, dakini, the Bardo, and more. Lama Anagarika Govinda's Foundations of Tibetan Buddhism (Boston: Weiser Books, 1969) continues to be available and is useful. Lama Yeshe's Introduction to Tantra (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2001) is also valuable reading. For a beginner, the section on "The Diamond Thunderbolt" in Huston Smith's The Illustrated World's Religions (HarperSanFrancisco, 1994) is easily available. For those interested in research in the deeper mysteries of the role of women in Tantric Buddhism, there is Miranda Shaw's Passionate Enlightenment (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1994) The eighteen-page bibliography in Shaw's book should provide even the expert with fascinating directions for further reading.

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Reference (Key points only)

Tantrism

http://www.geocities.com/intangible_soul/rtant.html

 

Without training in meditation... it is impossible to transform sexual activity into the spiritual path. Misunderstanding Tantra, some people with no experience of meditation indulge in sexual misconduct and claim to be great Tantric practitioners. Such people are destroying the Buddhadharma and creating the cause to be reborn in hell.

            - Geshe Kelsan, author of "Tantric Grounds and Paths"

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Reference (Key points only)

Tantric Sexual Rituals

http://www.mystae.com/restricted/streams/scripts/tantra.html

 

Tantrism was a "movement appearing in India about AD 400 and operating within both Hinduism and Buddhism. The word tantra means a work. It may simply mean a book. But it also has an implication of the right way to do something, to perform ritual, for example. And there seems to be allusion to weaving and spinning, the skilled work of women: the world too is woven like a tissue."

     - John Ferguson, An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Mysticism and the Mystery Religions

Tantra tries to realize the continuous connection between all human states and conditions, including ones that are usually thought polluting or dangerous; all are the Buddha-nature, if perceived and experienced rightly. Thus hatred and revulsion, which are the oppositions of love and desire, dissolve in the realization that all states are equally the undifferentiated Buddha-nature and are without real characteristics of their own."

     - John Bowker, World Religions: The Great Faiths Explained and Explored (1997), p. 74

"Another name for Tantric Buddhism is Vajrayana, the Vehicle of the Thunderbolt. The vajra is a double-headed ritual implement, used with a bell. Held in the right hand, it represents the masculine, skillful means, and compassion. The bell in the left hand represents the feminine, wisdom, emptiness, and nirvana. It is especially common in Tibet. In the Vajrayana the five Jinas, eminent ones, also known as the dhyani-Buddha, are a major focus of meditation. they are Akshobya, Amitabha, Amoghasiddhi, Ratnasambhava, and Vairocana."

     - John Bowker, World Religions: The Great Faiths Explained and Explored (1997), p. 74

 

"In the creative process, initially the sexual pair, Shiva and Shakti, within both man and world, are so deeply joined in sexual union they are unaware of their differences and beyond Time. They then become aware of their distinction and the female 'objective' separates from the male 'subject'. She performs her dance of illusion, persuading the male 'subject' he is not one but many, and generating from her womb the world of multiplied objects in what seems to be a sequence in time. These 'subjects' now each perceive a differentiated reality, seeming to be composed of separate particles of objective fact, and live lives that seem to be extended in time."

     - Philip Rawson, The Art of Tantra

 

"What yogis see as the eternal, unwasting, solitary, pure, supreme Brahman, that is the ultimate state of the Great Goddess [Shakti]. That all-embracing existence, higher than the highest, universal, benevolent and faultless, which is in the genitals of Prakriti, that is the ultimate state of the Great Goddess. That which is white, spotless, pure, without qualities and distinction, that which is realized only in the self, that is the ultimate state of the Great Goddess."

     - Hindu Text (from An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Mysticism and the Mystery Religions)

 

"A close analogy was found by Shellon [Annotations on the Sacred Writings of the Hindus] between the rituals of the Hindus and those of the Egyptians. He equated Shiva with Osiris, and Shakti with Isis, represented by the same equilateral triangle with a dot in the center, the same emblem of the generative power - two coexisting principles of nature, active and passive, linga and yoni.

"Shellon describes Hindu Tantric sexual rituals as being performed with naked temple courtesans or yoginis, young and beautiful, representing the goddess Shakti, or power, reciting mantras, becoming sexually excited and inducing promiscuous orgies among the votaries which he qualifies as 'very licentious' but constituting a mysterious initiation. He further describes Shakti as represented in coitu sitting on Shiva's erect member, just as Isis 'the goddess who grants all desires' did with the dead Osiris."

     - Peter Tompkins, The Magic of Obelisks

 

"...Not only initiation, but the very capacity to reach to Tantric goal can only be transmitted along a line of female 'power-holders'... Tantra demands that every bond with the everyday conventional world must be broken if one is to obtain enlightenment."

     - Philip Rawson, The Art of Tantra

"...All the faculties - the senses, the emotions, and the intellect - should be encouraged and roused to their highest pitch, that the person's store of memories and responses can be awakened and re-converted into the pure energy from which they all originated. Feelings and pleasures thus become the raw material for transformation back into enlightenment."

"Raise your enjoyment to its highest power, and then use it as a spiritual rocket fuel."

     - Philip Rawson, The Art of Tantra

 

"The ambrosia is the nectarlike reproductive secretion which, at the highest point of ecstasy, pours into the brain with such an intensely pleasurable sensation that even the sexual orgasm pales into insignificance before it. This unbelievably rapturous sensation - pervading the whole of the spinal cord, the organs of generation and the brain - is nature's incentive to the effort directed at self-transcendence, as the orgasm is the incentive to the reproductive act."

     - Gopi Krishna

 

Kenneth Rextroth, in his introduction to the works of the seventeenth-century alchemist Thomas Vaughan, states "that the 'Vessel of Nature', the vessel in which the alchemical operation takes place, is a 'menstruous substance'. 'It is the matrix of Nature, wherein you must place the universal sperm as soon as it appears beyond its body. The heat of this matrix is suphureous, and it is that which coagulates the sperm...This matrix is the life of the sperm, for it preserves and quickens it.' And he ends his postscript by stating that he is convinced that this basic secret of alchemy was originally 'revealed' to man, 'for it is the secret of Nature, even that which the philosophers call "the first copulation"...' Such sexual symbolism is not rare in alchemy (i.e., the sexual yoga of Chinese alchemy and Tantrism).

-          Colin Wilson, Mysteries

 

"The 'left-hand' worshippers, who follow the destructive principle and claim that they can utilize it, worship [Kali] in secret. In the higher levels of initiation, worship is changed, for both the Tantra (left hand) and other worshippers

"The Tantrics explain that the physical license of the worship of Kali is needed for brutish mankind in this evil (Kaliyuga) time. This is because only a few can liberate themselves from the flesh and reach divinity direct. Kalipuja (Kali-worship) gives the brutish man and woman an outlet and an idea of how intoxicating true communion with the divine could be.”

     - Arkon Daraul, Secret Societies

(Reference: Tantric Sexual Rituals.)

 

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Reference

Men-Tsee-Khang Online

http://www.mentseekhang.org/picture/bud.html

 

TIBETAN BUDDHISM

 

Tibetan Buddhism is a synthesis of two major Buddhist systems: Mahayana and Tantrism. Both concern themselves with the attainment of Buddhahood or enlightenment. Mahayana Buddhism, the so,called Great Vehicle, evolved from T'heravada, the early form of Buddhism, around the Ist C. AD. Centering on the intellectual problem of being, it focuses on a gradual i but ultimately complete understanding of a well-established body of spiritual knowledge. The Mahayana ideal is the bodhisattva, a person who seeks enlightenment not for his own sake but for the salvation of all living things. He delays entry into nirvana, the final escape from the vicious cycle of existence, in order to save others from suffering.

 

The development of Tantrism (Vajrayana, the 'Diamond Vehicle') began in the 2nd or 4th C. in India and Ceylon. It focuses on existential problems. Philosophically, it follows Mahayana precepts, but in practice, the student of tantra is able to achieve enlightenment through a calibrated process of meditation under the guidance of an initiated teacher. It can be said that Mahayana looks at Being, whereas Tantrism acts through Being. Mahayana documents theoretical aspects of Buddhism; tantric literature depicts Buddhism as individually lived.

 

Tantrism is generally non-doctrinal. It employs yogic and meditative methods to effect an abrupt and complete transformation of the practitioner. A central precept is the identification of emptiness (sunyata) with compassion (karuna). The realization of this basic truth, which leads to ultimate enlightenment, must be by experiential rather than cognitive means. To achieve this profound change, it is necessary for the student to harness his physical and mental processes instead of being enslaved by them.

 

The arduous journey begins with the student being accepted by a recognized teacher, who first initiates him into the practice. A direct understanding of compassion is attained through meditation. This allows insight into the transitory nature of life and the suffering of mankind. The second stage involves yogic or contemplative exercises, which includes specific spiritual experiences. These include the use of meditative gestures and postures (mudras), sacred syllables, phrases (niantras) and icons. Through them the student is trained to visualize, and then subsequently identify himself with, various divinities, each of which represents a particular cosmic force. He comes to realize an essential truth-that each divinity is finally equated with emptiness. This is when he acquires an extraordinary consciousness, a state beyond all duality, which embodies eternal bliss.

 

Despite great differences, Mahayana and Tantrism invigorated and interacted with each other. During the 7th-llth C., they were brought to Tibet from northern India, primarily through the efforts of the Three Religious Kings of the Yarlung Dynasty (see above, page 26). The Second Diffusion of Buddhism occurred during the 10th-llth C., a period when King Yeshe 0 and the great translator Rinchen Zangpo led the revival in West Tibet. Atisha and other renowned Indian masters were invited to Tibet, where they encouraged a vigorous program of translation of sacred Sanskrit texts and the building of many temples (see above, page 27). In the 14th C., having access to all relevant Buddhist texts, the Tibetans proceeded to produce their own canonical literature: the Kangyur (Translation of the Word of the Buddha) and the Tengyur (Translation of Teachings). The former contains works that supposedly represent the Buddha's sermons. Included in the latter are hymns of praise, commentaries on the tantras, and commentaries on the sutras.

 

At this time, with students congregating around various charismatic masters, rival sects developed. As a result, a number of distinctive schools developed, each with its own style and emphasis. In the contest for spiritual and political dominance, monasteries squared off against each other, forging alliances with local lords. This internecine strife came to a head when the Gelugpa sect appealed to the Mongol chieftain, Gushri Khan, for help against the Kadampal who were allied with the princes of Tsang Province (a central Tibetan territory centered on Shigatse). The Mongols won decisively, and from the middle of the 17th C. up to the Chinese invasion of Tibet in the 1950s, the Dalai Lamas, supreme heads of the Gelugpal became effective rulers of the country.

 

MAIN SECTS OF TIBETAN BUDDHISM

 

  1. Nyingma
  2. Sakya
  3. Kagyu
  4. Gelug
  5. Kadam

 

Nyingma

The Nyingma is the Old School sect, founded during the First Diffusion of Buddhism in Tibet in the 8th century. Its first and most important proponent was the Indian tantric master, Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava), a teacher revered as the Second Buddha. The Nyingmapa's outstanding characteristic is its emphasis on 'rediscovered' texts, known as terma. This sacred literature (teachings), attributed to Guru Rinpoche, was hidden in special sites during the dark age of Buddhism in the 9th century. Hundreds of years elapsed before these works resurfaced again, unearthed by illustrious Nyingmapa lamas called tertons (text discoverers). Among the most important were Orgyan Lingpa, Longchenpa, Jigme Lingpa, and Minling Terchen.

 

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Cross-Reference

Tsogyelgar Lamas

http://www.aroter.org/flaming_jewel/tsogyelgar_lamas.htm

 

Padmasambhava was a Mahasiddha whose enlightened powers were beyond compare. As part of his teachings, he hid spiritual treasures - terma - in the mindstreams of his primary 25 disciples. These treasures, like time-released capsules, reveal themselves when the time and place are most suited for the sublime teachings of the Inner Tantras.

 

(Reference: Tsogyelgar Lamas.)

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

 

The Nyingma hold that there are nine paths to enlightenment, the first three based on the sutras and the other six on the tantras. Dzokchen ('Great Perfection') is a tantric discipline transmitted within the sect. Imbued with a Zen-like quality, it is based on a program of accelerated meditation, which enables the student to achieve enlightenment within a relatively short time.

 

Nyingmapa monks often marry and work individually in small village chapels and remote cave retreats. The sect's most visible practitioner is the wandering ngakpa, a long-haired adept who supports himself by dispensing occult services (rainmaking, exorcism, divination). Among the most important Nyingma monasteries are Mindroling and Dorje Drak, both sited on the banks of the Tsangpo near the Yarlung-Kyi Chu River confluence. The last supreme head was Dudiom Rinpoche, an incarnation of Dudjom Lingpa (1835-1904).

 

Sakya

This school was named after its principal monastery, founded during the Second Diffusion of Buddhism by Kon Chogyal Pho (1034-1102). Its systematically organized teachings derive from the Indian tantric sage, Birupa, and were brought to Tibet by Drokmi Lotsawa, translator of the Hevajra Tantra, a basic text of the Sakyapa. The Lamdre ('The Way and Its Fruit'), introduced by the 9th-C. Indian master, Virupa, is another widely practiced teaching. It integrates the precepts of sutra and tantra into a discipline designed to bring about Buddhahood in a single lifetime.

 

Sakya's rise to prominence in the 13th-14th C. was largely due to the heroic efforts of five masters, the so-called Five Patriarchs. The greatest were Sakya Pandita and Phagpa. They allied themselves with the Mongol empire in China, and effectively governed the country under a patron-priest (yoncho) relationship with their Mongol overlords. The Sakyapa influence faded with the decline of Mongol power; the sect later divided into the Ngor and Tsar branches. One notable feature of the sect is that its abbotship (Sakya Trisin) is hereditary, passing from uncle to nephew, rather than through a continuous line of incarnations.

 

Kagyu

Kagyu means 'orally transmitted precepts'. It places fundamental emphasis on the direct transmission of esoteric teachings from master to pupil. The lineage, characterized by asceticism, started with the Indian master, Tilopa. It was subsequently passed to Naropa, Marpa, and Milarepa, Tibet's greatest poet. Milarepa was in turn the teacher of two highly respected masters, Rechungpa and Gampopa. The latter authored the jewel Ornament of Liberation and his mantle passed to two gifted students, Drogon Phagmo Drupa and Karmapa Dusum Khyenpa. These two later founded the influential Kagyupa sub-schools of Densatil and Tsurphu (center of the Black Hat Karma-Kagyus). Phagmo Drupa taught Drigung Kyapgon, Taklung Tangpa Tashi Pel, and Tsangpa Gyare, who respectively founded the monasteries of Drigungtil, Taklung, and Ralung. All five centers survive to this day.

 

The Kagyu system focuses strongly on aspects of practical mysticism. A basic discipline is Hatha Yoga, which specializes in breathing techniques and postures. Its supreme goal is the Great Seal (mahamudra), the overcoming of dichotomous thought in the very being of Buddhahood. To achieve enlightenment within a lifetime, or at the moment of death, the practitioner relies on the Six Yogas of Naropa (self-produced heat, illusory body, dreams, the experience of light, the intermediate state between death and rebirth, the passing from one existence into another). Following the tradition of Marpa, the school does not demand celibacy or association with a religious institution.

 

Gelug

The Gelug ('Virtuous Ones') is Tibet's reformed sect. Tsong Khapa (1357-1419), its founder, immersed himself in Sakya, Kadam, and Kagyu teachings before enunciating his new formulation of Tibetan Buddhism. The essential teachings of this so-called Yellow Hat sect are a continuation of the Kadampa system. This new doctrine was in part a reaction against the moral laxity of the era and the religion's deviations in the interpretation of the tantras. Tsong Khapa imposed to the traditional rules of the Vinaya (monastic rules of conduct), and students dogmatics and logic as a means to Buddhahood. Monasticism was emphasized. Study of texts and methodical practice according to the Lamrim Chenmo ('Great Gradual Path') were mandatory.

 

The Lamrim Chenmo, Tsong Khapa's great work, is based on the Bodhipathapradipa by Atisha. Codifying the way to enlightenment, it details the process of mental purification through ten spiritual levels that lead ultimately to salvation. Another important text, the Ngagrim Chenmo ('Great Graduated Tantric Path'), is a highly technical treatise of ritual and mystical practice that provided guidance on the tantra. However, this course was only open to students already fluent in theoretical learning. Like Atisha before him, Tsong Khapa stressed the thorough learning of the sutras before graduating to the tantras. Additionally, he instigated a system of examinations, of which the highest degree granted was geshe. In 1409, he founded Ganden, his first and greatest monastery.

 

From Tsong Khapa's chief disciples came the line of the Dalai Lamas, considered the incarnations of Chenresi (Avalokiteshvara), the Bodhisattva of Compassion. This title of the sect's paramount leader was first conferred posthumously upon Gedundrub (1391-1474), disciple and nephew of Tsong Khapa. Another reincamating lineage within the Gelugpa system is that of the Panchen Lamas, the abbots of Tashilhunpo Monastery in Shigatse.

 

In the 17th C., the Fifth Dalai Lama, under the patronage of the Mongols, became Tibet's ruler. The Gelugpa became the pre-eminent sect and all rival schools were restructured and curtailed. Over the ensuing century, the Dalai Lamas came to be regarded as the spiritual and temporal leaders of the country.

 

Kadam

The patriarch of the Kadam ('Bound by Precept') school was Atisha, whose teachings stressed the need for austere monastic discipline and devotion to a teacher prior to the start of tantric practice. The Mahayana sutras were given a prominent role and the tantras were relegated to a secondary position. Dromtonpa was Atisha's main student; he founded Reting Monastery, and codified the Kadampa system. Other renowned masters of the sect included Sharapa, Potowa, and Puchungwa; all founded important monasteries in the Phanyul and Kyi Chu valleys.

 

Students observed four fundamental rules: celibacy, abstinence from intoxicants, prohibition of travel and of money-handling. The central practice was purification of the mind, the purging of all intellectual and moral shortcomings, a process that led to a clear perception of emptiness. The sect's primary text was the Perfection of Wisdom Discourses (Prairtaparamita) and its major centers were Reting, Langtang, and Sangphu. The Gelugpas absorbed the Kadampas in the 15th century.

 

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

http://www.geocities.com/praisethebuddha/misc/tantric/refer/chap2.html

 

Published on internet: Monday, May 19, 2003

Revised: Wednesday, January 12, 2005

 

Information on the web site is given in good faith about a certain spiritual way of life, irrespective of any specific religion, in the belief that the information is not misused, misjudged or misunderstood. Persons using this information for whatever purpose must rely on their own skill, intelligence and judgment in its application. The webmaster does not accept any liability for harm or damage resulting from advice given in good faith on this website.

 

Reference Chapter 1

 

Back to Reference Index

 

Back to Tantric Buddhism Index

                                                           

Back to Miscellaneous Writings Main Page Index                                     

 

Back to Praise the Buddha Homepage Index         

 

A Mini Homepage Index

 

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

“Thou belongest to That Which Is Undying, and not merely to time alone,” murmured the Sphinx, breaking its muteness at last. “Thou art eternal, and not merely of the vanishing flesh. The soul in man cannot be killed, cannot die. It waits, shroud-wrapped, in thy heart, as I waited, sand-wrapped, in thy world. Know thyself, O mortal! For there is One within thee, as in all men, that comes and stands at the bar and bears witness that there IS a God!

(Reference: Brunton, Paul. (1962) A Search in Secret Egypt. (17th Impression) London, UK: Rider & Company. Page: 35.)

Amen

Hosted by www.Geocities.ws

1