� 1543 Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) published De Revolution Orbium Coelestium.
� 1545 Beginning of the council of Trent, which met 1545-1547.
� 1558 Elizabeth I of Tudor becomes Queen of England. Her rule lasts until her death in 1603.
� 1562 Beginning of wars of religion in France. That lasted until Henry IV of Navarre ascends the throne in 1589.
� 1564 Death of Calvin and Michelangelo and birth of Galileo , also Shakespeare.
� 1571 Birth of Johannes Kepler (d. 1630). Defeat of the Turks in battle of Lepanto.
� 1600 Giordano Brune burned at the stake in Rome.
� 1603 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, dies, and with her the Tudor line. Here successor is James I of the House of Stuart, who ruled until 1625.
� 1607 British establish James Town Colony.
� 1608 Foundation of Quebec by French.
� 1609 United provinces establish claims in North America.
� 1610 Henry IV, King of France, is murdered. He is succeeded by his son, Louis XIII (d. 1643), during Cardinal Richelieu ruled France de Facto.
� 1611 King James Bible is published.
� 1612 Foundation of New York by the Dutch
� 1614 Tobacco Cultivation introduced in Virginia by Rolfe.
� 1616 Shakespeare died.