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ADULT SEX 69 89; integrated component of farming systems is schwan tom g seasonal dynamics of fleas and flea phoretic mites on the nile grass rat arvicanthis niloticus in lake nakuru national park kenya university of california berkeley phd the nile grass rat arvicanthis niloticus is a common grassland rodent widely distributed in subsaharan africa and an important reservoir for plague yersinia pestis during a 14 month study in lakenakuru national park kenya grass rats were the dominant rodent and were infested by 3 species of fleas dinopsyllus lypusus jordan rothschild hystrichopsyllidae n infested grass rats in greater numbers during the rainy season high index in october xenopsylla bantorum jordan pulicidae n became more abundant during the dry season high index in july ctenophthalmus calceatus cabirus jordan rothschild hystrichopsyllidae n also increased during the rains high index in november collections of larval and adult fleas from grass rat nests demonstrated the same seasonal changes in abundance except for adults of d lypusus which were common in nests throughout the year male grass rats carried more fleas than did females other studies documenting this phenomenon are reviewed and possible mechanisms for why males of many host species carry more fleas than do females are discussed .

• anime.boobs.yhotmail.com/anime.boobs cenozoic fishes from the turkana basin northern kenya koobi fora africa rift valley fossils university of california santa cruz phd a thick sequence of richly fossiliferous plio pleistocene sediments is exposed along the northeastern margin of lake turkana n kenya these rift basin alluvial fluvial deltaic and lacustrine strata contain abundant vertebrate fossils among which nonmarine fish remains are particularly common and well preserved this study documents for the first time the types distribution and paleoenvironmental context of the east turkana fossil fishes fossils were collected using a variety of different sampling techniques including excavations 5 x 5m squares 1 x 1m squares bone walks and general surface sampling the paleoenvironments of the fossil assemblages were determined on the basis of measured stratigraphic sections thin section analysis and the assessments of other workers paleoecological analysis shows that certain aspects of the original aquatic communities have been preserved in these assemblages in spite of modification by taphonomic processes especially hydrodynamic transport the east turkana region has yielded 21 taxa of fishes including 17 families and 21 genera this collection represents the most diverse ancient fish fauna yet documented from any cenozoic african • american.girls.doll..yhotmail.com/american.girls.doll.

Site In Addition It Includes Five Genera Distichodus Citharinus Gymnarchus Heterotis And Malapterurus That Are Common In Modern African Drainages But Which Have Not Previously Been Identified In Any Ancient Strata The Ancient And Modern Fish Faunas Of The Turkana Basin Are Similar In A Number Of Respects Including Their Relatively Great Generic Diversity Nilotic Affinities And Most Abundant Taxa Eg Lates Cichlidae And Catfishes The Major Differences Between The Modern And Ancient Fish Communities Are The Absence In The Modern Of Two Extinct Characids Sindacharax And Genus Nov And An Extinct Non Marine Stingray Myliobatiformes Indet A Tremendous Decrease In Abundance Of The Catfish Clarotes In The Modern Lake And Changes In The Overall Trophic Composition And Distribution Of Fishes These Differences Are The Result Of The Transformation In The Pleistocene Of Paleolake Turkana From An Open Freshwater Body In Direct Contact With The Nile System To An Intermittantly Closed Alkaline Lake None Of The Major Paleoenvironments Recognized In The Study Area Are Characterized By A Particular Kind Or Suite Of Fish Some Are However Characterized By Consistently High Or Low Taxonomic Diversity And Taxonomic Evenness Fossil Fish Material From African Sites Outside Of The Main Study Area Was end .. Here it is ADULT SEX 69 89

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