What is First Aids?: First aid is the first help given to the victim of an accident. There are three primary objectives in giving first aid: - Stop life-threatening dangers. - Keep the victim safe from further harm. - Get proper medical help for the victim.
Take Charge: The scene of an accident can be scary. An injured person may be crying or screaming. The sight of blood might frighten you. Other people may be too stunned to help. The most important thing you can do is to stay clam. Focus your attention on the job of making people safe. Act with confidence, using the first aid skills you know. Cheerfulness will help the victim and the people around you lose their fear.
Approach Carefully: Keep your own safety and the safety of others rescuers in mind. At the scene of a car accident, watch for others cars on the road. in the backcountry, be aware of falling rocks, slipping footing, steep slopes, and other hazards.
Do First Things First: Here are five vital steps for treating accident victims. Perform them in the order they are given.
1. Treat "hurry cases" immediately. A hurry case is any condition that threatens victim's life. The most serious are: stopped breathing, no heartbeat, severe bleeding, choking, and poisoning by mouth. 2. Send someone to a phone to call for help. Give full information about your location and the extent of the injuries. 3. Treat every accident victim for shock. 4. Examine the victim for other injuries that may require first aid. 5. Plan what to do next. If help is on the way, keep the victim comfortable and watch for any changes in his condition. Where there are no phones, decide on a clear course of action. A victim who can walk alone or with some support may be able to hike a road. When injuries are serious, though, it is usually best to send two people for help.
Stopped Breathing: To save a victim who is not breathing, you must begin first aid immediately! The brain can survive only about 4 minutes without oxygen before suffering serious damage. At normal temperature, the person cannot live without air for more than 10 or 12 minutes. Find out if the victim is breathing. Is the chest rising and falling? When you place your ear near the mouth and nose, can you hear or feel exhaled air? If not, immediately start giving rescue breathing. Time is critical! Act quickly! Position the victim. Place the victim on his back. Tilt his head far back, chin pointing up. Lift with one hand under the chin. With the other hand, press down on the forehead and pinch the nostrils shut with your thumb and forefinger. Then take a deep breath and begin rescue breathing.
a. Open your mouth wide and seal it over the victims mouth. Blow into his mouth to fill his lungs. Look to see if his chest rises. (if the victim is a child, seal your mouth over both the victim mouth and nose, and then blow gently.) b. Remove your mouth and take another deep breath. Watch to see that the victim chest falls as he exhale. Repeat step 1 and 2 every 5 second for anyone over 9 year old of age, every 3 second for anyone 9 or under. c. If the victim chest does not rise and fall, no air is reaching his lungs - Tilt the head back so that the tongue does not block the airway. - Perform the Heimlich maneuver (removing lodge in the throat; choking) d. Continue to rescue breathing until a doctor or medical technician tells you to stop, or it become physically impossible for you to keep going.
Heart Attack: * 5 Warning signal of heart attack. - Uncomfortable of pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain in the center of the chest behind the breastbone. The feeling may spread to the shoulder, arms, neck, jaw, and back. It may last 2 minutes or longer, and may come and go. It need not be severe. Sharp, stabbing twinges of pain usually are not sign of heart attack. - Unusual of sweating: for instance, perspiring even though a room is cool. - Nausea: Stomach distress with an urge to vomit. - Shortness of breath. - A feeling of weakness. * Use CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
Severe Bleeding: Cover wound with a pad, ect and press hard. Stop the place with a bandage. If the pad become bloody soaked, do not remove it. Put another pad on top of the first and continue pressure. Get medical help.
- Arterial bleeding from leg: control it by pressing the artery with the heel of your hand against the pelvic bone at the pressure point( bone of hip). - Arterial bleeding from arm: control it by squeezing the artery with the flat of your fingers against the upper arm bone at pressure point (bicep and triceps; muscle). - Spurting blood comes from an artery: one of the bloody vessels that carry blood from the heart out into the body. Some bleeding from a cut artery can be controlled by pressure. - Pressure on four pressure points: two on each side of the body, can be used to control bleeding of arm and leg. Press the artery against the bone at the pressure point. The effect is like stepping on a water hose. (legs: between hip and thigh ; arms: between shoulder blade and elbow) - Serious bleeding must be stopped quickly. With a pad of cloth of some kind, grab the wound with your hand and press down firmly. Raising an injured arm or leg above body level will help control bleeding. Wrap something around the pad to keep it in place. Most bleeding can be stopped by direct pressure.
Choking: * Step behind victim and put your arm around the midsection. Clasp hand together with the knuckle of one thumb over the above navel. Drive the hand up under the rip cage. Food should pop loose. Repeat if necessary. * If pregnant, place one hand atop the other between the navel and rib cage. Thrust the heel of your hand inward and upward 8 times on the abdomen just below the breastbone. Probe the victim's mouth with a hooked finger. Remove any obstructions, and be ready to start rescue breathing. * If alone, perform it yourself or use a chair.
Poisoning by Mouth: * Quickly take any poison container to the phone, then call a poison control center and follow their instruction. Treat the victim for shock and check breathing frequently. Do not give any mouth to mouth unless you have advised by medical professional. Save container or vomit. These will help medic identify the poison and give treatment.
Shock: Shock occurs in every accident. It is a sudden lowering of strength caused by pain, fear, and sometimes loss of blood. A shock victim is very weak. His face is pale. His skin becomes cold and clammy. He shivers from chills, and he might vomit. Don't wait for the symptoms to appear. Quickly treat every accident victim for shock. Injury always causes some degree of shock, but the victim may not be affected right away. Prompt first aid may prevent severe shock from setting in.
- Have the injured person lie down. Raise his feet 10 to 12 inches. In cool weather, cover him and keep him warm. Place blanket or sleeping bags underneath him as well as on top. If the patient is conscious, let him slip a little water. - Never leave an accident victim alone. Fear and uncertainty may increase shock. Talk to him in a calm voice and assure him he is going to be all right. Even a victim who appears to be unconscious may be able to hear you. Keep letting him know he is not alone.
Fainting: Fainting is a mild form of shock. The victim loses consciousness because too little blood is reaching his brain. Fainting can be caused by fright, bad news, breathing foul air, or standing too long. The victim becomes pale. He may wobble and fall to the ground.
- Keep the victim lying down until be recovers. Loosen his collar and raise his feet. If he does not recover right away, treat for shock and get medical help. - If fainted yourself, sit down and put your head between your knees. Even better, lie down and raise your legs.
Cuts and Scratches: * Small cuts and scratches: - Clean wound by washing it with soap and water. Let the skin around the wound dry, then apply bandage. * Larger cuts: - Wash a larger cut with lots of soap and water. Let it dry, the keep dirt out of the wound by covering injury with sterile gauze compress. Hold the gauze in place with adhesive tape or binder. If not, fold a cloth into a pad.
Nosebleed: * Have the victim sit up and lean forward slightly to prevent blood from draining into his throat. Press the bleeding nostril toward the center. Apply cool, wet cloth to the nose and face.
Burn, Scald, Sunburn: * First Degree: - Treat immediately with cool water. Keep the burn under water until there is little pain. Apply moist dressing, and bandage. * Second Degree: - No not break the blister. This will compound the injury by causing an open wound. If blister not open, place the injury in cool water until pain lessen. Then apply a moist dressing, bandage. Do not apply cream, ointments, or sprays. * Third Degree: - Do not remove any clothing; it may stick to the flesh. Wrap a clean sheet around the spot, if weather cool, cover him with a blanket. Rush to the hospital.
Blister: Blister on the foot are most often caused by shoes that don't fit well or are new and stiff. Working without gloves resulting blisters on the hand. Break in your boots by wearing them around home before using them on the trial. A pair of thin inner socks under woolen hiking socks will reduce the friction on your feet.
* If you feel a "hot spot" forming as you walk, stop right away and treat it before it becomes a blister. Moleskin or adhesive tape offers some protection. * Surround a tender spot or a doughnut bandage over blister. Wash your foot or other affect area with soap and water. Cut a piece of moleskin in shape of doughnut and fit the hole around wound. Shape several doughnut and stack them on top of the first. Hold it in place with tape.
Sprained Ankle: * Do not remove you shoe. It will give your ankle support. Tie an ankle bandage around the shoe and your injured leg. Raise you leg and reduce swelling with cold, wet towel around the ankle.
Insect Bites and Stings: * Relieve the pain of insect bites with ice water or cold towel. If sting is still in skin, flick it away with fingernail or edge of knife.
Anaphylactic Shock: Some people are very allergic to insect stings and spider bites. If one of these people is bittn or stund, he may develop a dangerous condition called anaphylactic shock. It causes the tissues of the throat to swell and block the airway. A victim may have great trouble breathing. People who know they are allergic to stings and bites should carry special "bee-sting kits" containing medicine to treat them in an emergency. They following is for bite of black widow spider or brown recluse spider.
a. Send someone for help. b. Be sure the victim keep breathing. Give rescue breathing if needed. c. If bite on leg or arm. immediately tie a constricting band above the bite. d. Keep the arm and leg lower then the body. e. Put ice packed in a cloth on the bite. f. Treat for shock. g. Get the person under medical care.
Jellyfish Stings: The bell-shaped pink jellyfish of cool northern seas and Portuguese man-of-war of warm southern seas have thousands of stinging cells on their tentacles. When touched, the poisons of those cells cause a sharp, burning pain.
* Wash the affected area with diluted ammonia or rubbing alcohol. Quickly get the victim under medical care. People who are allergic to jellyfish stings may go into deep shock without warning.
Animal Bites: If it breaks the skin, the bite of a dog, cat, rat, or any warm-blooded wild animal is not an ordinary wound. The animal may suffer from rabies, a deadly disease carried in its saliva. The only way to learn if an animal is infected is to have it caught and kept under observation. You have three jobs to do: - Give first aid. - Get medical help. - Call the police or rangers to capture the animal.
* Scrub the bite with plenty of soap and water to remove the saliva. Cover the wound with a sterile bandage and get the victim a doctor.
Snakebites: a. Have the victim lie down and rest the bitten part lower then the rest of the body. Keep him calm and quiet. b. Put a constricting band 2 to 4 inches above the bite to slow the spreading of venom. c. Treat the victim for shock. d. Get medical help. Tell the doctor what snake bite the victim if possible.
Something in the Eye: * Have the person blink eyes, and tears may flush out the object. If not, pull the upper lid down over the lower one. The lower lashes may brush out the speck. Or an object is under lower lid. Place your thumb on the skin just below the lid and pull it down gently. Lift out the speck with a corner of a sterile gauze pad. If that fails, cover eye with gauze pad and get help.
Puncture Wounds: * Take out any foreign matter, the squeeze gently around the wound. Wash with soap and water, Apply a sterile bandage and get to a doctor. A tetanus antitoxin shot may be needed to prevent lockjaw. If someone has been snagged by a fishhook, cut the line and let a doctor or medic remove the hook. Or push the barn out through the skin and snip it off with pliers, wire cutters, or nail clippers. Then back the barbless hook out of the wound.
Skin Poisoning from Plants: The poison in poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac is contained oily sap throughout the plant. Touching these plants may cause the skin to become red and itcy. Later, blster may form.
* The sap of poisonous plants take about 20 minutes to bind in the skin. Rinse immediately with soap and water if you have it. or water alone. Calamine lotion may relieve itching. Try not to scratch it. Remove lingering sap by laundering clothing that has come in contact with poisonous plants.
Heat Exhaustion: Exposure to heat make the body works to keep itself cool But sometimes the body's cooling system becomes strained, resulting in heat exhaustion. Or it breaks down completely, which is a condition called heat stroke. A common sense will protect you from hear problems. Drink plenty of fluids. Rest in the shade when you feel too warm. If the weather is hot, ease up on hard physical work and play. Heat exhaustion may affect a person outdoors or in an overheated room. Here are the symptoms: - The victim's face is pale, with cold sweat on the forehead. The whole body may feel cool and clammy from perspiration. - Shallow breathing. - Nausea and vomiting. - Dilated pupils. - Headache and dizziness.
* Remove the patient to a cool, shady spot. Place him on his back and raise his feet. loosen his clothing. Fan him and apply cool, wet cloths, Give him a sips of water.
Heat Stroke: Heat stroke is usually caused by exposure to the sun. The victim's body temperature soars, making heat stroke a life-and-death matter. Get medical assistance at once. - The patient's face is like the sun-red and very hot. The skin is often dry, but if the victim has been exercising hard, he may be covered with sweat. - Very small pupils - Slow, noisy breathing. - Rapid, strong pulse. - He may be unconscious.
* Get the victim into a cool, shady spot. Place him on his back with his head and shoulder raised. Undress him immediately, then cool him; especially his head with water. Cover him with dripping wet towel. Keep the covering cool by dousing them with water. Be ready at anytime to began CPR.
Frostbite: Someone outdoors in cold weather may complain that his ears, nose, fingers, or feet feel numb. Or you may notice white or grayish-yellow patches on someone's ear, nose, or cheeks-a sure sign of frostbite.
* Move the victim inside a warm tent or building and thaw the frozen are. If an ear or part of the face is frozen, have the person remove glove and cover the part with his warm hand. Slip a frostbitten hand under the clothing and tuck beneath an armpit, next to bare skin. Frozen toes; put the victim bare feet against the warm skin of you belly or armpit. Do not rub or massage frozen skin. You can also warm a frozen part by holding it in warm-not hot-running water. Or wrap it in a warm blanket. When the area has become warm, have the patient exercise injured fingers or toes. Get him to a doctor.
Hypothermia: When you hear that someone has "died of exposure" or has "frozen to death", the killer may actually have been hypothermia-from hypo, meaning "low", and thermia, meaning "heat". Hypothermia occurs when the body is losing more heat than it can generate. A victim of hypothermia begins feeling chilly, tired, and irritable. if he receives no help, he will begin to shiver. Soon his shivering becomes violent. He cannot think clearly enough to take care of himself. he may stumble and fall. If he continues to chill, the shivering will stop and he will be close to death. Hypothermia is a threat to anyone who is not dressed warmly enough for the air around him. Wind, rain, and exhaustion increase the risk. The temperature doesn't have to be below freezing. A lightly dressed hiker caught in a cold, windy rainstorm is at risk of hypothermia. Prevent hypothermia by wearing enough clothing to keep yourself warm and dry. If bad weather catches you in the backcountry, put up your tent and crawl into your sleeping bag. Eat plenty of food and drink lots of fluids. Watch others in your group of signs that they are becoming cold, hungry, and irritable.
* Get the victim indoors or put up a tent. Peel of his wet clothes and zip him into a dry sleeping bag. If hypothermia is far advance, the victim would not be able to warm himself. The rescuer must strip down to his short and get into the sleeping bag so that body contact can warm the victim. Give an unconscious patient nothing by mouth. Get a hypothermia a victim under medical care.
* Note: The body temperature of a swimmer drops steadily in water cooler than himself. The shivering that results is the onset of hypothermia. Get out of the water. Cover up. Exercise to get warm.
Closed and Open Fractures: A closed or simple, fracture is a broken bone that has not caused an open wound. A victim will complain of pain around the injury. He won't want to move the injured area. A broken arm or leg may look bent or shortened. Swelling may occur, and the victim may suffer from shock. An open, or compound, fracture has the same symptoms plus one more-the sharp edges of the broken bone have cut through the flesh and skin. The great danger in treating fracture is that incorrect handling may turn a closed fracture into an open one, or make an open fracture more serious.
Such an injury can cripple the patient or even endanger his life. What you do about a fracture is important. What you don't do may be even more important.
* The DO: - DO let patient lie with a little motion as possible right where you found him. Make him comfortable by tucking blanket over him. - DO treat "hurry cases" stop breathing, no heartbeat, severe bleeding. If blood is spurting from a wound, stop it with hand pressure against a pressure point rather than direct pressure over a broken bone. - DO support the broken limb by making it immovable between well-padded splints. Splint him where he lies. - DO treat for shock. - DO call a doctor immediately. * The DO NOT: - DO NOT try to set the bone - that is the doctor job. - DO NOT move patient before the splinting is complete, unless the patient location posses an imminent danger to the patient. - DO NOT let anyone bundle your patient into a car and rush him to the hospital. That's the easiest way of turning a closed fracture into an open fracture.
Collarbone or Shoulder Fracture: * No splint is necessary. Place the forearm in a sling with the hand raised about 3 inches higher than the elbow. Tie the upper arm against the side of the body with a wide cravat bandage. Make sure the bandage is not to tight that it stops circulation in the arm.
Splint: A splint is any stiff material that can be bound to a fractured limb to prevent the broken bone from moving and tearing the flesh with its sharp edges. It should be longer than the bone on which it is to be sued. pad the splint with soft material.
Lower Arm or Wrist Fracture: * Use splints long enough to hold the wrist, lower (forearm), and elbow motionless. Place the splinted arm in a sling with a thumb up and the hand slightly higher than the elbow. Use a cravat bandage to tie the upper arm against the side of the body. The body itself will act as a splint, too.
Upper Arm Fracture: * Tie one padded splint to the outside of the upper arm. Place the forearm in a sling. Then use a cravat bandage to tie the upper arm against the side of the body.
Lower Leg Fracture: * Apply two splints, each as long as the distance from the middle of the thigh to just past the heel. Place the splinter on either side of the injured limb and bind them together with 4 binder.
Thigh Fracture: * Use padded splints, one for outside the leg extending from heel to armpit, and one for inside the leg from heel to crotch. Bind the splint together. Use 4 binder around the splint and leg, and 3 binder around the upper part of the outside splint and the body.
Note: The muscles of the upper leg are strong enough to pull the broken ends of the thighbone into the flesh. For this reason, the first aid described here is early emergency care. The patient should not be moved any great distance without a traction splint. Ambulance carry them, and they can be made by person with advanced first aid training.
Note: All knots should be square knots.
Transportation: Moving a injured person requires great common sense and care. A seriously injured person should be moved by a first-aider only in cases of extreme emergency - and then only after the patient has received first aid and has had possible fractures splinted. An accident victim suspected of having neck, back, or head injuries should be moved only under the guidance of qualified personnel. To transport a person from a smoke filled room, place the victim on a blanket, and drag him out, crawling on your hands and knees (the same way you would enter the room). If there are two rescuers, one person stays outside and calls for help. Unless visibility is fairly good, never enter a smoke filled room - stay outside and call for help.
Assists and Hand Carries: 1. Walking Assist: A patient who has suffered a minor accident and feels weak may be assisted to walk. Bring one of his arms over your shoulder and hold onto his wrist. Place your free arm around his waist. 2. One Person Carry: This is best done piggyback. Kneel in front of the patient with your back to his belly. Bring your arms under the patient's knees. Grasp his hands over your chest. Avoid injury to your own back by keeping it straight and lifting with your legs. 3. Four Hand Seat Carry: Two first aiders can transport a conscious patient with this carry. Each bearer grasp his own right wrist with his left hand. The two bearers then lock hands and wrists with each other. The patient sits on their hands and places his arms around their shoulders. 4. Two Person Carry: Use this carry when a patient is unconscious. Bearers kneel on either side of the patient. Each slides one arm under the patient's back, the other under his thighs. The bearers grasp each other's wrist and shoulder and rise from the ground with the patient supported between them.
Stretchers: If a patient must be moved for some distance or his injuries are serious, he should be carried on a stretcher. 1. Emergency Stretchers: Use a not too heavy door, a short ladder, a gate, or a sheet of stiff plywood. 2. Making a Stretcher: Start with two poles somewhat longer than the patient is tall. Use strong saplings, too handles, oars, or tent poles. Button up two or three shirts or coats and push the poles through the sleeves. Or use blankets, a tent fly,or a sleeping bag with the bottom-corner seems opened. Or lash together 3 metal pack frames.
A Building on Fire: a. Called the people out! Yell, bang on the door, ring the bell ect.. Get them out, but do not enter a burning building yourself. You may overcome by smoke or trapped by flames. b. Call the fire department. c. Offer your help. While waiting for the fire engines, figures out if there is anything else you can do. calming frightened victims. With a cold head, do what you do.
A Person on Fire: * Rush the victim and tackle him if necessary to get him to the ground. The slowly roll him over as you beat out the flames with your hands. Take care that your own clothes do not catch fire. If there is a blanket, wrap it around the victim to smother the flames. Once the fire is out, administer first aid to shock and burn.
Live Wires: * If someone in a house is in contact with a live wire, shut off the current by pulling th main switch, or grab the electric cord where it is not bare or wet and pull it from the socket. If you don't know where to find the main switch and can't pull the plug, you will have to remove the wire from the victim. To do this, take a dry sheet, dry towel or other dry cloth, encircle the wire with it, and pull the wire from the victim. Or push it away with a wooden board, a wooden stick, or even a wooden spoon (no metal).
* If you can't move the wire, use the cloth or a board to move the victim instead. DO NOT touch the victim until he and the wire are separated. Be very careful if there is water on the floor. It can carry a deadly current from a wire lying in it. Pull the main switch or call the police or a rescue squad. After the rescue, check the victim for breathing and heartbeat. Be prepared to give rescue breathing or CPR.
* Rescuing a person in contact with a live power line outdoor is extremely dangerous. Do not attempt a rescue yourself. Call the electric company, police, or fire department instead.
Drowning: * Water accidents: - First, try to reach the victim from shore. - Second, throw him a rope, life jacket, or floating device. - Third, go with support, a boat of some kind or a surfboard. - Only as a last resort should you attempt to rescue someone b swimming out to them, and then only if you are strong swimmer trained in lifesaving. * Ice rescue: - Do not rush into the ice, you may break them.
- Try to reach him from shore with a pole. Tie a loop in the rope for the victim to put his arm through. Use a bowline knot. Without a loop, he may not be able to hang on. - If going onto ice, distribute your weight as much as possible over the surface. Lie on your belly and snake over the ice until you are close enough to throw and rope. - If there is help, form a human chain. Crawl out onto the ice while one person holds your ankles and another hangs onto his. Grasp the victim by the wrist and scoot back. - Once on shore, get him a warm shelter and treat him for hypothermia. If he has stopped breathing, start CPR.
Tornados: * Find shelter if you can. If you are caught in the open, move quickly at right angles out of the path of the tornados. But if you cannot get to safety, lie down in the nearest ditch. Do not stay in car, get out and get down.
Floods: * Do not try to cross flooded area. Use common sense.
Chua Kito - Sacraments, Dao Cong Giao, Catchism, Thieu Nhi Thanh The & Boy Scouts
JC
1. Walking Assist: A patient who has suffered a minor accident and feels weak may be assisted to walk. Bring one of his arms over your shoulder and hold onto his wrist. Place your free arm around his waist.
2. One Person Carry: This is best done piggyback. Kneel in front of the patient with your back to his belly. Bring your arms under the patient's knees. Grasp his hands over your chest. Avoid injury to your own back by keeping it straight and lifting with your legs.
3. Four Hand Seat Carry: Two first aiders can transport a conscious patient with this carry. Each bearer grasp his own right wrist with his left hand. The two bearers then lock hands and wrists with each other. The patient sits on their hands and places his arms around their shoulders.
4. Two Person Carry: Use this carry when a patient is unconscious. Bearers kneel on either side of the patient. Each slides one arm under the patient's back, the other under his thighs. The bearers grasp each other's wrist and shoulder and rise from the ground with the patient supported between them.