IID will further the scope of setting up more industries which are hitherto lagging due to infrastructure bottleneck. New projects, which can be set up here, would be in small-scale industries like: -
Textile Units: Five sheds will be useful in allotting to units interested in taking up yarn processing, looms, sizing, dyeing etc. Neighbouring Rajasthan has done excellent by setting up such units based on cotton/synthetic fiber. In fact, for proposed units in Manasa, Rajasthan will act as raw material supplier on account of a large number of units in Bhilwara, Banswara, Kota, Chittorgarh and other districts on border. Spinfed (Coop. Spg. Unit based in Jaipur) has opened its supply office in Indore to ensure availability of its products in MP. Spinfed has a unit in Gangapur and Gulabpura each, both on other side of border with MP. |  |
A number of importers and manufacturers of acrylic/cotton yarn like Vardhman Spinning, Malwa Cotton, Bhiwani Textiles, Nahar Spinning, Rajasthan Spinning & Weaving and Shruti Synthetics are having their supply establishments in Rajasthan close to MP border. In addition, following units are having production set up on this border:-
� Modern Woollens (Woollen Carpet Yarn, Wool Tops & Worsted Yarn) � Rajasthan Rajya Sahkari Spinning & Ginning Mills Federation Ltd.(Spinfed) � Suzuki Textiles Limited � Suzuki Processors � Mohan Textiles
Fibres are units of matter having length at least 100 times their diameter or width. Fibres suitable for textile use possess adequate length, fineness, strength, and flexibility for yarn formation and fabric construction, and for withstanding the intended use of the completed fabric. Other properties affecting textile fibre performance include elasticity, crimp (waviness), moisture absorption, reaction to heat and sunlight, reaction to the various chemicals applied during processing and in the dry cleaning or laundering of the completed fabric, and resistance to insects and microorganisms. The wide variation of such properties among textile fibres determines their suitability for various uses.
a. Types of yarn
Yarns can be described as single, or one-ply; ply, plied, or folded; or as cord, including cable and hawser types.
Single yarns
Single, or one-ply, yarns are single strands composed of fibres held together by at least a small amount of twist; or of filaments grouped together either with or without twist; or of narrow strips of material; or of single man-made filaments extruded in sufficient thickness for use alone as yarn (monofilaments). Single yarns of the spun type, composed of many short fibres, require twist to hold them together and may be made with either S-twist or Z-twist. Single yarns are used to make the greatest variety of fabrics.
Ply yarns
Ply, plied, or folded, yarns are composed of two or more single yarns twisted together. Two-ply yarn, for example, is composed of two single strands; three-ply yarn is composed of three single strands. In making ply yarns from spun strands, the individual strands are usually each twisted in one direction and are then combined and twisted in the opposite direction. When both the single strands and the final ply yarns are twisted in the same direction, the fibre is firmer, producing harder texture and reducing flexibility. Ply yarns provide strength for heavy industrial fabrics and are also used for delicate-looking sheer fabrics.
Cord yarns
Cord yarns are produced by twisting ply yarns together, with the final twist usually applied in the opposite direction of the ply twist. Cable cords may follow an SZS form, with S-twisted singles made into Z-twisted plies that are then combined with an S-twist, or may follow a ZSZ form. Hawser cord may follow an SSZ or a ZZS pattern. Cord yarns may be used as rope or twine, may be made into very heavy industrial fabrics, or may be composed of extremely fine fibres that are made up into sheer dress fabrics.
Novelty yarns
Novelty yarns include a wide variety of yarns made with such special effects as slubs, produced by intentionally including small lumps in the yarn structure, and man-made yarns with varying thickness introduced during production. Natural fibres, including some linens, wools to be woven into tweed, and the uneven filaments of some types of silk cloth are allowed to retain their normal irregularities, producing the characteristic uneven surface of the finished fabric. Man-made fibres, which can be modified during production, are especially adaptable for special effects such as crimping and texturizing.
Textured yarns
Texturizing processes were originally applied to man-made fibres to reduce such characteristics as transparency, slipperiness, and the possibility of pilling (formation of small fibre tangles on a fabric surface). Texturizing processes make yarns more opaque, improve appearance and texture, and increase warmth and absorbency. Textured yarns are man-made continuous filaments, modified to impart special texture and appearance. In the production of abraded yarns, the surfaces are roughened or cut at various intervals and given added twist, producing a hairy effect. Bulking creates air spaces in the yarns, imparting absorbency and improving ventilation. Bulk is frequently introduced by crimping, imparting waviness similar to the natural crimp of wool fibre; by curling, producing curls or loops at various intervals; or by coiling, imparting stretch. Such changes are usually set by heat application, although chemical treatments are sometimes employed. In the early 1970s bulky yarns were most frequently produced by the "false twist" method, a continuous process in which the filament yarn is twisted and set, and then untwisted and heated again to either stabilize or destroy the twist. The "stuffing box" method is often applied to nylon, a process in which the filament yarn is compressed in a heated tube, imparting a zigzag crimp, then slowly withdrawn. In the knit-de-knit process, a synthetic yarn is knitted, heat is applied to set the loops formed by knitting, and the yarn is then unravelled and lightly twisted, thus producing the desired texture in the completed fabric.
Bulk may be introduced chemically by combining filaments of both high and low shrinkage potential in the same yarn, then subjecting the yarn to washing or steaming, causing the high shrinkage filaments to react, producing a bulked yarn without stretch. A yarn may be air bulked by enclosing it in a chamber where it is subjected to a high-pressure jet of air, blowing the individual filaments into random loops that separate, increasing the bulk of the material.
Stretch yarns
Stretch yarns are frequently continuous-filament, man-made yarns that are very tightly twisted, heat-set, then untwisted, producing a spiral crimp giving a springy character. Although bulk is imparted in the process, a very high amount of twist is required to produce yarn that has not only bulk, but also stretch.
Spandex is the generic term for a highly elastic synthetic fibre composed mainly of segmented polyurethane. Uncovered fibres may be used alone to produce fabrics, but they impart a rubbery feel. For this reason, elastomeric fibre is frequently used as the core of a yarn and is covered with a nonstretch fibre of either natural or man-made origin. Although stretch may be imparted to natural fibres, other properties may be impaired by the process, and the use of an elastic yarn for the core eliminates the need to process the covering fibre.
Metallic yarns
Metallic yarns are usually made from strips of a synthetic film, such as polyester, coated with metallic particles. In another method, aluminum foil strips are sandwiched between layers of film. Metallic yarns may also be made by twisting a strip of metal around a natural or man-made core yarn, producing a metal surface. For additional information about the production, characteristics, and uses of modern man-made novelty yarns, see man-made fibres.
b. Treatment of raw fibre
In modern mills, most fibre-processing operations are performed by mechanical means. Such natural fibres as cotton, arriving in bales, and wool, arriving as fleece, are treated at the mill to remove various foreign materials, such as twigs and burrs. Wool must also be treated to remove suint, or wool grease; silk must be treated to remove sericin, a gum from the cocoon, and the very short silk fibres, or waste silk. Raw linen, the fibre of flax, is separated from most impurities before delivery. Man-made fibres, since they are produced by factory operations, rarely contain foreign materials. Blending, frequently employed for natural fibres, involves mixing fibres taken from different lots to obtain uniform length, diameter, density, and moisture content, thus assuring production of a uniform yarn. Blending is also employed when different fibres are combined to produce yarn. Man-made fibres, which can be cut into uniform tow, do not require blending unless they are to be mixed with other fibres.
Cotton, wool, waste silk, and man-made staple are subjected to carding, a process of separating individual fibres and causing many of them to lie parallel, and also removing most of the remaining impurities. Carding produces a thin sheet of uniform thickness that is then condensed to form a thick, continuous, untwisted strand called sliver.
When very fine yarns are desired, carding is followed by combing, a process that removes short fibres, leaving a sliver composed entirely of long fibres, all laid parallel, and both smoother and more lustrous than uncombed types. Slivers may be loosely twisted together, forming roving.
c. Conversion to yarn
Because filaments, such as silk and the man-made fibres, have extreme length, they can be made into yarn without the spinning operation necessary for the shorter staple fibres. When grouped together in a loose, continuous rope without twist, man-made filaments are called tow. Filaments may be loosely twisted together to form yarns of a specified thickness. Staple fibres, such as cotton, only a few inches long, must be tightly twisted together to produce satisfactory length.
Filament yarns are usually thin, smooth, and lustrous; staple yarns are usually thicker, fibrous, and without lustre. Man-made filaments cut to a predetermined short length become staple fibres, usually described by combining the fibre name with the term staple, as in rayon staple.
d. Spinning
In modern spinning, slivers or rovings are fed into machines with rollers that draw out the strands, making them longer and thinner, and spindles that insert the amount of twist necessary to hold the fibres together. Tightness of the twist determines the strength of the yarn, although too much twist may eventually cause weakening and breakage. When the spirals formed by twisted yarns are similar in slope to the central portion of the letter Z, the yarns are described as Z-twist; when the spirals conform in direction to the central portion of the letter S, the yarns are described as S-twist. Crepe yarns, producing a crinkled effect in fabrics, are made with a very high degree of twist, producing a kink. Shadow effects can be produced in finished fabrics by the use of yarns combining opposing twists, producing differing light reflections. The spinning process is completed by winding the yarn on spools or bobbins.
e. Reeling and throwing
Reeling is the process of unwinding raw silk filament from the cocoon directly onto a holder. When several filament strands, either raw silk or man-made, are combined and twisted together, producing yarn of a specified thickness, the process is called throwing.
f. Yarn packages
The intended use of a yarn usually determines the packaging method employed. Bobbins are wood, cardboard, or plastic cores on which yarns are wound as they are spun, and have holes in their centres allowing them to fit on spindles or other holding devices. Spools are cylindrical, with end flanges. Cones, having a conical-shaped core, produce a package of conical shape; tubes, with cylindrical-shaped cores, produce cylindrical packages. Cheeses are cylindrical yarn packages wound on a tube, and, unlike most other packages, they have greater diameter than height. Skeins are coils of yarn wound with no supporting core.
Pirns are large barrel-shaped packages used to hold the weft, or filling, yarn supply for the shuttle in weaving; quills are small tapered tubes holding the weft yarns for weaving. Beams are wood or metal cylinders, about five feet long and up to 10 inches in diameter, on which yarns used as warp in weaving are wound.
g. Production of yarn
Yarn is a strand composed of fibres, filaments (individual fibres of extreme length), or other materials, either natural or man-made, suitable for use in the construction of interlaced fabrics, such as woven or knitted types. The strand may consist of a number of fibres twisted together; a number of filaments grouped together but not twisted; a number of filaments twisted together; a single filament, called a monofilament, either with or without twist; or one or more strips made by dividing a sheet of material, such as paper or metal foil, and either twisted or untwisted. The properties of the yarn employed greatly influence the appearance, texture, and performance of the completed fabric.
Agro-Waste Products : Projects can be set up to process agro waste in particle board raw material, briquetted fuel etc. wherein on one hand eco-friendly fuel is generated and on the other hand fuelwood is economized. Such projects can used rice husk, arhar or soybean stocks, straw and dry pods.
Plastic Bags : Small scale units to stitch plastic woven bags from cloth for cement can be set up to meet demand of million tonne cement plants on both side of state border.
Tyre Retreading : Manasa is connected only by road to other places. Thus, it would need a tyre retreading unit to place a rubber sole on the worn tyres. Neemuch district has extraordinary number of vehicles on the road, as already indicated. Following statistics will confirm that despite its small size, it does have a large number of vehicles:-
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Auto Service Station : In view of a strong population of vehicles in the district as given above, a service station can be very well set up in this IID.
Purified Drinking Water: State Govt. has now laid down rules governing bottling of drinking water. This industry has already done well in cities and would pick up in this region also.
FRP Tanks: Aggrevated water problems at present, particularly in dry places like Neemuch would give rise to demand for water tanks in households, residing in bungalows and multi-storey buildings. Such tanks can be easily fabricated for local market.
Plastic Moulding : Injection or blow moulded plastic products are useful in domestic and industrial areas.
Hawai Chappel : Rubber sheets can be used for manufacturing these chappels which are acceptable in rural as well as urban areas.
Handmade Paper : These can be manufactured using waste paper and cloth. These are being used for their eco-friendly nature. They impart high aesthetic look and hence used on special purpose, besides being used as file cover etc.
Enzyme or Biotechnology: Besides that Biotechnology projects are a sunrise industry, these can be set in small capital. Such units could be right from manufacturing biofertilizers to organic chemicals used in industry.
Water Soluable Polymers: These are manufactured from guar gum, which is grown in adjoining Rajasthan abundantly. At present, its processing is limited to Haryana. These polymers are in worldwide demand.
Warehousing : Having realized importance of storage facility, Central Govt. has announced 5-year tax holiday and 30% subsidy to such projects. These projects can slowly expand to consignment delivery, networking with transporters etc.
Herbal Products : Neemuch has cultivation of crops like Fenogreek, Ashwagandha, garlic, isabagol, opium each of which supports production of medicines and other herbal products. With growing interest in natural and organic products, demand of these products is bound to rise and such projects would be set up here.
The cultivation of soybean and garlic has already supported medium scale projects in the district.