BSC 2010C PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 

SYLLABUS

(2004/2006)

Biology is an exciting, dynamic, and challenging science.  It is a study of life.  Students are fortunate to be living at a time when insights and discoveries in almost all aspects of biology are occurring at a very rapid pace.  Much of the knowledge learned in a biology course has application in improving humanity and the quality of life.  An understanding of basic biology is essential in establishing a secure foundation for more advanced courses in the life sciences or health sciences.  The principles learned in a basic biology course will be of immeasurable value in dealing with the ecological and bioethical problems currently facing us.

Course: BSC 2010C
Professor: Dr. Roger Lloyd
Office: D-121
Office Phone: (904) 646-2037
Mini Lab: D-120
Lab Phone: 646-2041
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Fax Phone: (904) 646-2209 
Address: 11901 BEACH BLVD. JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 32246
Text: Hybrid Class: Thinkwell's Biology - George Wolfe    Standard Class: Biology 6th Edition - Solomon, Berg, Martin

 

~

  getting started - for students

thinkwell

 

Step 1 Install and Register.                                                                                             Follow the steps for installation and registration outlined on the instruction card included with your CD-ROMs.

 
Step 2 Log on to the website.                                                                  Once you are logged on at www.thinkwell.com, you will be in "Course Home."  Click on a chapter title and then topic title to get to the review notes, exercises, and other material.

 
Step 3 Print the notes for the assigned topics.                                       Before you watch a video lecture, you may wish to print the review note that goes with it.  You can refer to it and make your own notes while viewing the video.

 
Step 4 Watch the Video.                                                                                                      Each video runs 10 minute average.  To launch a video, insert the CD-ROM into your computer's CD-ROM drive then click the Thinkwell desktop icon (this should have appeared on your desktop automatically when you completed he CD-ROM registration).  You can rewind or fast-forward the video as needed.

 
Step 5 Complete the online exercise.                                                       After watching the video, take the review exercise if it's been assigned.

 
Step 6 Check for other assigned material.                                              To see all the material available for a particular chapter, click "Chapter Checklist."  For any chapter title you select, you'll see the type of materials available, except for custom assignments.

 
Step 7 Open "Exams."                                                                                                         Your professor may have placed some custom exercises in the "Exams" section of your website.  Be sure to click this link to look for these important assignments.

 
Step 8 Search for a term.                                                                                                   Want to review a particular concept?  Enter that term in "Search Index" at the top right of the website, and you'll get a list of relevant videos, notes, animations, and glossary terms.

 
Step 9 Check out the Student's User Guide.  If you have trouble with your computer, the CD-ROMs, or the website, check out the Student's User Guide, available in the Help Center online.  If you still have trouble, contact Thinkwell's Technical Support at [email protected] or toll free at (888) 416-8880, option 3.

 
See the Thinkwell Table of Contents at end of syllabus

General Lecture Topics with Chapter Correlation:

1. INTRODUCTION - Chapter 1
A) Unity and Diversity of Life on Earth
B) Early Perspectives in Science
C) Introduction to Evolution
D) Evolution - The Theory of Natural Selection
E) Fossils and Evolution
F) Human Evolution
G) Evidence  of Evolution
H) Species Concept
I) Examples of Artificial and Natural Selection
J) The Origin of Life
K) Classifying Life
2. INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Chapters 2, 3
A) An Introduction to Atoms
B) Atoms and Bonding
C) Properties of Water
LAB 1: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
D) Carbon Chemistry
E) Carbohydrates
F) Lipids and Nucleic Acids
G) Proteins
H) Enzymes
I) Enzyme Action
LAB 2: MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY
***LECTURE TEST 1*** (WEEK 4)
3. CELL BIOLOGY - Chapters 4, 5
A) An Introduction of Cell Biology
B) Membrane-Bound Organelles
C) The Cytoskeleton
D) The Plasma Membrane
  E) Cell Transport
  F) Tools for Cell Biology
  G) The Evolution of Metabolic Functions
    ***SPECIAL ASSIGNMENT: CELL CHART***
    LAB 3: THE CELL
    LAB 4: THE MEMBRANE (SPECIAL ASSIGNMENT)
    ***LAB TEST 1*** (WEEK 5)
4. RESPIRATION - Chapters 6, 7
A) An Introduction to Respiration
B) Glycolysis
C) Functional Groups
D) The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
5 PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Chapter 8
A) Discovering Photosynthesis
B) Adaptations for Photosynthesis
C) The Light Reactions
D) The Dark Reactions
  E) Photorespiration
    ***LECTURE TEST 2*** (WEEK 8)
    LAB 5: CHLOROPHYLL SEPARATION AND PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHS
6. MOLECULAR GENETICS: Charamosaues, Meiosis, Mitosis  - Chapter 9
A) Discovering DNA
B) DNA Structure Revealed
C) Introduction to DNA Replication
  D) Events of DNA Replication
  E) Transcription
  F) Translation
  G) Protein Synthesis in Review
  H) The Lac Operon
  I) Eukaryotic Genomic Organization
  J) Controlling Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes
    LAB 6: GENETICS
7. BIOTECHNOLOGY -
A) Plasmids and Gene Cloning
B) Techniques in Biotechnology
C) More Techniques in Biotechnology
D) Human Genome Project
8. CELL REPRODUCTION
A) An Introduction to the Cell Cycle and Mitosis
B) Regulating Mitosis
C) Meiosis
D) Understanding Meiosis
  LAB 7: MEIOSIS/MITOSIS
9. MENDELIAN GENETICS AND MUTATION
A) Gregor Mendel
B) The Law of Mendelian Inheritance
C) Segregation and Independent Assortment
D) Laws of Probability
E) Genetic Dominance
F) Epistasis
G) Inheritance Patterns
H) Linked Genes and Genetic Mapping
I) Sex Linkage and Pedigree Charts
J) Problems in Heredity
K) Genetic Mutation
SPECIAL ASSIGNMENT: GENETICS PACKETS 1 & 2
10. POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
A) The Hardy - Weinberg Theory
B) Departing From Hardy - Weinberg Equilibrium
C) Variations in Population and Modes of Selection
D) Speciation
E) Evolution

 

 SPECIAL ASSIGNMENT: BEAN GRAPH
  ***LAB FINAL EXAM*** (WEEK 15)
  ***LECTURE FINAL EXAM*** (TBA)

General Lecture Topics for Standard Class:

1 A view of life
2 Atoms and Molecules: The Chemical
3 The Chemistry of Life: Organic Compounds
4 Organization of the Cell
5 Biology Membranes
6 Energy and Metabolism
7 How Cells Make ATP: Energy Releasing Pathways
8 Photosynthesis: Capturing Energy
9 Charamosaues, Mitosis and Meiosis
10 The Basic Principles of Heredity
11 DNA: The Carrier of Genetic Information
12 RNA and Protein Synthesis: The Expression of Genetic Information
13 Gene Regulation: The Control of Gene Expression
14 Genetic Engineering
15 The Human Genome
16 Genes and Development
17 Introduction to Darwinian Evolution
18 Evolutionary Change in Populations
GRADING:
All Grades Are Comprehensive
   
EXAM 1 = 100 points
EXAM 2 = 100 points
LAB TEST 1 = 100 points
Quizzes (Anytime) and Special Assignments = 200 points
LAB FINAL = 200 points
FINAL EXAM = 300 points
   
***Total = 1000 points*** 
   
  A 895 - 1000 points
B 795 - 894 points
C 695 - 794 points
D 595 - 694 points
F 595 and below
 
Class Policy:
~ There will be NO MAKE-UP Exams or Quizzes without prior arrangements.  NO EXCEPTIONS!!!
~ Lecture Exams MAY be made up on a case by case pre-arranged basis ONLY!  This means BEFORE the fact.
~ All assignments must be in on time for full consideration.
~ A 20% penalty will be assessed for late assignments.
~ The "NP" Grade is NOT an option and will not be used.
~ The "I" Grade will be reserved for emergencies.
~ The laboratory REQUIRES a protective apron, approved eyewear and lab gloves.  These MUST be supplied by the student and available at every lab/classroom session.
  ~

Lab Tests always start at the beginning of class.  NO STUDENTS WILL BE ADMITTED

"IW" GRADE:                                                                                             An instructor initiated withdrawal grade "IW" may be assigned by the instructors prior to the withdrawal deadline to students who have been absent from more than 15% of the scheduled classes in any given term.  The "IW" Grade is an optional grade and ,may be assigned only after a warning has been sent to the students.  Faculty who intend to use this grade option must clearly state that intention in their course syllabi.  Students may appeal an instructor initiated withdrawal within 10 days of the withdrawal by contacting the campus student affairs office.  It should be noted that since college prep courses have a required attendance policy, this grade may not be assigned to college prep students.

FOR COLLEGE CREDIT OUTLINES:                                                  Beginning fall semester 1997, according to guidelines established by Florida House Bill (HB) 1545, all students may enroll in a specific college credit course only twice at the regular tuition rate.  If the first two attempts are unsuccessful (all grades will count as an attempt including audit, IW, AW, W and NP), the third time a student enrolls in a course he/she must pay the full cost of instruction.  This cost is equivalent to the out-of-state tuition rate, approximately four times the cost of regular tuition or $201.85 per semester hour.  Only "drops" submitted by the advertised deadline date (during the first week of a term) will not count as being enrolled.
Natural Science or Chemistry
Student Lab Safety Checklist

Please review the following items with every student at the beginning of each term:

1. Location and explanation of Material Safety Data Sheets, known as MSDS.
2. Explanation of NFPA coding system, location of chart and application to chemical storage.
3. Tour of Natural Science and/or Chemical Laboratories and storage rooms.
4. Explanation of Basic Lab Safety:
A. Location and proper use of safety equipment
-- Fire Alarm -- Gloves, Goggles, Aprons
-- Fire Extinguisher -- Spill Control Equipment
-- First Aid Kit -- Evacuation Route
-- Eyewash Sinks & Shower -- Handicap Evacuation Route
-- Fire Blanket -- Fume Hood
B. Proper handling of all chemicals
-- Containers appropriately sealed
-- All chemicals stored in correct location with compatible items
-- Use fume hood when appropriate
-- Secure all labels on bottles
-- Keep all chemicals in original containers
5. Explanation of procedures if spill occurs
A. Activate fire alarm if necessary
B. Contact Security Office
C. Contact Lab Manager
D. Be prepared to give the following information
-- Location of spill
-- Name of chemical spilled
-- Amount of chemical spilled

***Please Sign the Sheet Provided in Class***
 

Thinkwell Table of Contents
Chapter 1  Introduction
  1.1 Unity and Diversity of Life on Earth
    1.1.1 Properties of Life
  1.2 Early Perspectives in Science
    1.2.1 An Introduction to Biology
    1.2.2 The Nature of Science:  The Story of Darwin
    1.2.3 Early Scientific Thought
    1.2.4 The Emerging Science of Geology
  1.3 An Introduction of Evolution
    1.3.1 Linnaeus, Buffon, and Lamarck
    1.3.2 Darwin:  The Voyage Continues
    1.3.3 Darwin:  More Observations
  1.4 Evolution:  The Theory of Natural Selection
    1.4.1 Darwin:  The Theory of Natural Selection
    1.4.2 The Theory of Natural Selection
    1.4.3 Contrasting Lamarck and Darwin
    1.4.4 Contrasting Lamarck and Darwin, Part 2
  1.5 Fossils and Evolution
    1.5.1 Fossil Formation, Dating, and Indexing
    1.5.2 The Fossil Record
    1.5.3 Some Fossil Surprises
    1.5.4 The Coevolution of Horses and Plants
    1.5.5 Mass Extinctions:  An Asteroid Can Ruin Your Day
  1.6 Human Evolution
    1.6.1 Human Evolution:  What is a Primate?
    1.6.2 Human Evolution:  The Family Tree
    1.6.3

Human Evolution:  The Fossil Record
  1.7 Evidence for Evolution
    1.7.1 Evidence for Evolution:  Biochemical Similarities
    1.7.2 Evidence for Evolution:  Vestigial Structures
    1.7.3 Homologous Structures
  1.8 Species Concepts
    1.8.1 Species Concepts
    1.8.2 Speciation
    1.8.3 Prezygotic Reproductive Isolation
    1.8.4 Postzygotic Reproductive Isolation
  1.9 Examples of Artificial and Natural Selection
    1.9.1 Artificial Selection in Action
    1.9.2 Natural Selection in Action
  1.10 The Origin of Life
    1.10.1 History of Life:  The Heterotroph Hypothesis: An Overview
    1.10.2 The Heterotroph Hypothesis: An Introduction
    1.10.3 The Origin of Life: Life from Nonlife
    1.10.4 The Heterotroph Hypothesis: Protobionts
    1.10.5 The Heterotroph Hypothesis: The First Genetic Material
    1.10.6 The Origin of Life: The Rest of the Story
  1.11 Classifying Life
    1.11.1 The Linnaean System
    1.11.2 The Linnaean System: Still Changing
Chapter 2 Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
  2.1 An Introduction to Atoms
    2.1.1 Atomic Structure: SPONCH and the Atom
    2.1.2 Electrons, Orbitals, and Electron Shells
    2.1.3 Ions, Ionization, and Isotopes
    2.1.4 Isotopes: Unraveling Photosynthesis
  2.2 Atoms and Bonding
    2.2.1 Bonding and Electronegativity
    2.2.2 Ionic and Covalent Bonds
    2.2.3 Polar Covalent Bonds, Hydrogen Bonds, and Van der Waals  Inter.
  2.3 Properties of Water
    2.3.1 Water: Hydrogen Bonding, Solubility, and Specific Heat
    2.3.2 Water: Adhesion, Cohesion, and a Solid That Floats
    2.3.3 Water: Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Substances
    2.3.4 Dissociation of Water and the pH Scale
    2.3.5 Hemoglobin as a Buffer
  2.4 Carbon Chemistry
    2.4.1 Carbon Chemistry and Isomers
    2.4.2 Functional Side Groups
  2.5 Carbohydrates
    2.5.1 Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
    2.5.2 Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis: Disaccharides
    2.5.3 Polysaccharides: Energy Storage Molecules
    2.5.4 Polysaccharides: Structural Molecules
  2.6 Lipids and Nucleic Acids
    2.6.1 Lipids: An Introduction
    2.6.2 Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
    2.6.3 Phospholipids, Waxes, and Steroids
    2.6.4 Nucleic Acids: An Introduction to Genetic Material
  2.7 Proteins
    2.7.1 Proteins: Amino Acids and Peptide Bond
    2.7.2 Amino Acids: The R Groups
    2.7.3 Primary and Secondary Structure
    2.7.4 Tertiary Structure
    2.7.5 Quaternary Structure
    2.7.6 Protein Structure: A Summary
  2.8 Enzymes
    2.8.1 Bioenergetics: The Laws of Thermodynamics
    2.8.2 Activation Energy
    2.8.3 Enzyme Characteristics
  2.9 Enzyme Action
    2.9.1 Enzyme Action: The  Induced-Fit Model
    2.9.2 Enzyme Regulation: Allosteric Regulation
    2.9.3 Feedback Inhibition and Cooperativity
Chapter 3 Cell Biology
  3.1 An Introduction to Cell Biology
    3.1.1 The History of Cytology
    3.1.2 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
    3.1.3 Plant and Animal Cell Overview: The Basics
    3.1.4 Membranes: Basic Structure
    3.1.5 The Nuclear Envelope: The initial Tour
    3.1.6 Nuclear Function: Who's in Charge?
  3.2 Membrane-Bound Organelles
    3.2.1 Cellular Function: Endoplasmic Reticulum
    3.2.2 Cell Function: Golgi Apparatus
    3.2.3 Food Vacuole Formation: The Role of the Lysosome
    3.2.4 Still More Vacuoles and Peroxisomes
    3.2.5 Mitochondria: Welcome Guests
    3.2.6 The Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
3.3 The Cytoskeleton
    3.3.1 The Cytoskeleton: Basic Components
    3.3.2 Centrioles, Flagella, and Cilia
    3.3.3 Cell Walls
  3.4 The Plasma Membrane
    3.4.1 Plasma Membrane: The Extracellular Matrix
    3.4.2 The Plasma Membrane: The Fluid-Mosaic Model
    3.4.3 Proteins as the Mosaic of the Cell Membrane
    3.4.4 Animal Cell Junctions
  3.5 Cell Transport
    3.5.1 Simple and Facilitated Diffusion
    3.5.2 Passive Transport: Osmosis
    3.5.3 Active Transport: Ion Pumps and Cotransport
    3.5.4 Active Transport: The Sodium-Potassium Pump
    3.5.5 Energy-Requiring Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis
  3.6 Tools for Cell Biology
    3.6.1 Tools of the Cytologist: Light and Fluorescent Microscopy
    3.6.2 Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopes
    3.6.3 Freeze Fractures and Differential Centrifugation
  3.7 The Evolution of Metabolic Functions
    3.7.1 Major Modes of Nutrition Among Organisms
Chapter 4 Respiration
  4.1 An Introduction to Respiration
    4.1.1 ATP Structure and Function
    4.1.2 Phosphorylated Intermediates
    4.1.3 Respiration: An Overview
    4.1.4 Redox: A Brief Review
    4.1.5 Energy Release from Sugar: A Demo
    4.1.6 Coenzymes: The Role of NAD+
  4.2 Glycolysis and Fermentation
    4.2.1 Glycolysis: The Initial Steps: Energy Input
    4.2.2 Glycolysis: The Energy Payoff
    4.2.3 Anaerobic Respiration: The Fermenation of Pyruvate
  4.3 Aerobic Respiration
    4.3.1 Aerobic Respiration: The Acetyl CoA Step
    4.3.2 Aerobic Respiration: The Krebs Cycle
    4.3.3 Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle
  4.4 The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
    4.4.1 The Electron Transport Chain
    4.4.2 Oxidative Phosphorylation
    4.4.3 ATP Yield from Aerobic Respiration
    4.4.4 Other Fuels in  Respiration
    4.4.5 The Evolution of Glycolysis
Chapter 5 Photosynthesis
  5.1 Discovering Photosynthesis
    5.1.1 The Unraveling of Photosynthesis: A Historical Perspective
    5.1.2 Photosynthesis: Twentieth-Century Breakthroughs
    5.1.3 Photosynthesis: The Final Picture
  5.2 Adaptations for Photosynthesis
    5.2.1 The Leaf: Adaptations for Photosynthesis
    5.2.2 The Structure of a Chloplast
    5.2.3 Photosynthesis Pigments
    5.2.4 The Nature of Light
    5.2.5 Photoexcitation and Electron Transfer
  5.3. The Light Reactions
    5.3.1 The Light Reactions: An Introduction
    5.3.2 Photosystem 1
    5.3.3 Photosystem 2
    5.3.4 The Light Reactions: A Summary
  5.4 The Dark Reactions
    5.4.1 The Calvin Cycle
    5.4.2 The Calvin Cycle: RuBP Regeneration
    5.4.3 A Review of Photosynthesis
  5.5 Photorespiration
    5.5.1 Photorespiration
    5.5.2 C4 Plants and CAM Plants
    5.5.3 The Evolution of Photosynthetics
Chapter 6 Molecular Genetics
  6.1 Discovering DNA
    6.1.1 Molecular Genetics: The Protein vs. DNA Debate
    6.1.2 Continuing to Link Genes to Chemicals: Muller, Beadle, and Tatu
    6.1.3 Griffith and Transformation
    6.1.4 Avery, MacLeod and McCarty/Hershey and Chase: DNA Wins!
    6.1.5 Chargaff and Franklin and Wilkins: The DNA Story Begins
  6.2 DNA Structure Revealed
    6.2.1 Watson and Crick: The Clues
    6.2.2 Watson and Crick:  The Double Helix
  6.3 Introduction to DNA Replication
    6.3.1 Replication: Meselson and Stahl
    6.3.2 DNA: Polymerization with Triphospate Nucleotides
  6.4 Events of DNA Replication
    6.4.1 Events at the Replication Fork: The Leading Strand
    6.4.2 Events at the Leading Strand, Part 2
    6.4.3 Events at the Replication Fork:  The Lagging Strand
    6.4.4 Proofreading, End Replication, and Telomeres
    6.4.5 DNA Replication: A Summary
  6.5 Translation
    6.5.1 Transcription and Translation: An Overview
    6.5.2 Transcription: RNA Formation from the DNA Template
    6.5.3 Transcription: Termination and RNA Protection
    6.5.4 Posttranscriptional Modification/RNA Splicing
  6.6 Translation
    6.6.1 Translation: Ribosomal and Transfer RNA
    6.6.2 The Role of Transfer RNA: Charging a tRNA Molecule
    6.6.3 Translation: Initiation Events
    6.6.4 Translation/Elongation: The Initiation of Elongation
    6.6.5 Elongation Continued and Termination
  6.7 Protein Synthesis Review
    6.7.1 Polypeptide Destinations: Signal Peptides and ER Ribosomes
    6.7.2 Protein Synthesis: An Overview
  6.8 The lac Operon
    6.8.1 Control Mechanisms: Lactose Metabolism in E. coli
    6.8.2 Jacob and Monod's Model: The lac Operon
    6.8.3 lac Operon: The Summary
  6.9 Eukaryotic Genomic Organization
    6.9.1 The Eukaryotic Genome: DNA Packing
    6.9.2 Eukaryotic Genome Organization: Repetitive DNA
    6.9.3 Eukaryotic Genome Organization: Gene Families
    6.9.4 Eukaryotic Genome Organization: Transposons and Amplified Gel
  6.10 Controlling Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes
    6.10.1 Eukaryotic Gene Control: Transcriptional Controls
    6.10.2 Eukaryotic Control Mechanisms: Posttranscriptional and Posttranslational Controls
    6.10.3 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Protein-Making Machinery
Chapter 7 Biotechnology
  7.1 Plasmids and Gene Cloning
    7.1.1 Biotechnology: Plasmids in Prokaryotes
    7.1.2 Using a Restriction Enzyme to Create a Vector
    7.1.3 Biotechnology: Gene Cloning
    7.1.4 Biotechnology: Detection of Cell Clones
  7.2 Techniques in Biotechnology
    7.2.1 Biotechnology: Reverse Transcriptase: A Tool Take from Viruses
    7.2.2 Using Reverse Transcriptase to Make cDNA
    7.2.3 Electrophoresis: Separating DNA
    7.2.4 Sequencing DNA: The Sanger Method
  7.3 More Techniques in Biotechnology
    7.3.1 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms: Genetic Markers
    7.3.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction: DNA Amplification
    7.3.3 DNA Fingerprinting
    7.3.4 Southern Blotting
    7.3.5 Detecting DNA Homology: A Biotechnology Summary
  7.4 A Human Genome Project
    7.4.1 The Human Gene Pool
    7.4.2 The Human Genome Project: Recent Findings
Chapter 8 Cell Reproduction
  8.1 An Introduction to the Cell Cycle and Mitosis
    8.1.1 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
    8.1.2 Mitosis: An Overview
    8.1.3 Mitosis: The Phases
    8.1.4 Cytokinesis
  8.2 Regulating Mitosis
    8.2.1 Cell-Cycle Regulation: Protein Kinases
    8.2.2 Cell-Cycle Regulation: Other Mechanics
    8.2.3 Cancer: When Mitosis Goes Unchecked
    8.2.4 The ras gene and the p53 Gene
  8.3 Meiosis
    8.3.1 Sexual Reproduction and the Role of Meiosis
    8.3.2 Homologous Chromosomes: Thanks, Mom and Dad
    8.3.3 Meiosis: Prophase I
    8.3.4 Disjunction and Meiosis II
    8.3.5 Mitosis vs. Meiosis
  8.4 Understanding Meiosis
    8.4.1 Independent Assortment
    8.4.2 Spermatogenesis: Meiosis in Males
    8.4.3 Oogenesis: Meiosis in Females
Chapter 9 Mendelian Genetics and Mutation
  9.1 Gregor Mendel
    9.1.1 Heredity: The Story of Gregor Mendel
    9.1.2 Mendel's Findings: A First Look at Phenotypic Ratios
    9.1.3 Mendel's Conclusions: Alternate Alleles and Dominance
    9.1.4 Mendel's Conclusions: Segregation and Recombination
  9.2 The Laws of Mendelian Inheritance
    9.2.1 Determining Heterozygosity: Test Crosses and Back Crosses
    9.2.2 Mendelian Inheritance
  9.3 Segregation and Independent Assortment
    9.3.1 Segregation and Independent Assortment
    9.3.2 Independent Assortment: An Explanation
  9.4 Laws of Probability
    9.4.1 Laws of Probability: Rule of Multiplication
    9.4.2 The Multiplicative Law: Some Extensions
    9.4.3 Laws of Probability: The Additive Rule
    9.4.4 Using the Laws of Probability in Dihybrid Crosses
  9.5 Genetic Dominance
    9.5.1 What is a Dominate Gene?  Intermediate Inheritance
    9.5.2 Codominance and Multiple Alleles: ABO Blood Genes
    9.5.3 ABO Blood Groups: Inheritance Patterns and Pedigree Charts
  9.6 Epistasis
    9.6.1 Epistasis: One Gene Affecting Another
    9.6.2 The Bombay Phenotype: Infidelity or Epistasis
  9.7 Inheritance Patterns
    9.7.1 Polygenic Inheritance
    9.7.2 Pleiotropy: Multiple Phenotypic Effects
    9.7.3 Sickle Cell Anemia: The Case Against Dominant and Recessive
  9.8 Linked Genes and Genetic Mapping
    9.8.1 Linked Genes
    9.8.2 Crossing Over and Recombination: A Tool for Mapping Genes
    9.8.3 Gene Mapping Using Recombination Frequencies
    9.8.4 Linking Genes to Chromosomes: The Work of Morgan
    9.8.5 Morgan's Conclusions
  9.9 Sex Linkage and Pedigree Charts
    9.9.1 Sex-Linked Traits in Humans
    9.9.2 X Inactivation in Humans
    9.9.3 The Use of Pedigree Charts to Determine Possible Genotypes
    9.9.4 Pedigree Chart:  Problem Review
  9.10 Problems in Heredity
    9.10.1 Problems in Heredity
    9.10.2 Problems in Heredity: Chromosomal Aberrations
    9.10.3 Translocations: 14/21 Downs
Chapter 10 Population Genetics and Evolution
  10.1 The Hardy-Weinberg Theory
    10.1.1 Population Genetics: Darwin Meets Mendel
    10.1.2 An Introduction to Hardy-Weinberg Theory
    10.1.3 The Hardy-Weinberg Equation
    10.1.4 Using the Hardy-Weinberg Theory
    10.1.5 Using the Hardy-Weinberg Theory II
    10.1.6 Hardy-Weinberg: What Does This Have to Do With Evolution
  10.2 Departing From Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
    10.2.1 Microevolution by Genetic Drift
    10.2.2 Microevolution: Continued
  10.3 Variations in Populations and Modes of Selection
    10.3.1 Variations Within and Between Populations
    10.3.2 Modes of Selection
    10.3.3 The Perfect Organism
  10.4 Speciation
    10.4.1 Speciation: What is a Species?
    10.4.2 Allopatric Speciation
    10.4.3 Sympatric Speciation
  10.5 Evolution
    10.5.1 Time Frame for Evolution: Gradualism versus Punctuated Equilibrium
       

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