The history of Christmas
dates back over 4000 years. Many of our Christmas traditions were
celebrated centuries before the Christ child was born. The 12 days
of Christmas, the bright fires, the yule log, the giving of gifts,
carnivals(parades) with floats, carolers who sing while going from
house to house, the holiday feasts, and the church processions can
all be traced back to the early Mesopotamians.
Many
of these traditions began with the Mesopotamian celebration of New
Years. The Mesopotamians believed in many gods, and as their chief
god - Marduk. Each year as winter arrived it was believed that
Marduk would do battle with the monsters of chaos. To assist Marduk
in his struggle the Mesopotamians held a festival for the New Year.
This was Zagmuk, the New Year's festival that lasted for 12 days.
The
Mesopotamian king would return to the temple of Marduk and swear his
faithfulness to the god. The traditions called for the king to die
at the end of the year and to return with Marduk to battle at his
side.
To
spare their king, the Mesopotamians used the idea of a "mock" king.
A criminal was chosen and dressed in royal clothes. He was given all
the respect and privileges of a real king. At the end of the
celebration the "mock" king was stripped of the royal clothes and
slain, sparing the life of the real king.
The
Persians and the Babylonians celebrated a similar festival called
the Sacaea. Part of that celebration included the exchanging of
places, the slaves would become the masters and the masters were to
obey.
Early
Europeans believed in evil spirits, witches, ghosts and trolls. As
the Winter Solstice approached, with its long cold nights and short
days, many people feared the sun would not return. Special rituals
and celebrations were held to welcome back the sun.
In
Scandinavia during the winter months the sun would disappear for
many days. After thirty-five days scouts would be sent to the
mountain tops to look for the return of the sun. When the first
light was seen the scouts would return with the good news. A great
festival would be held, called the Yuletide, and a special feast
would be served around a fire burning with the Yule log. Great
bonfires would also be lit to celebrate the return of the sun. In
some areas people would tie apples to branches of trees to remind
themselves that spring and summer would return.
The
ancient Greeks held a festival similar to that of the Zagmuk/Sacaea
festivals to assist their god Kronos who would battle the god Zeus
and his Titans.
The
Roman's celebrated their god Saturn. Their festival was called
Saturnalia which began the middle of December and ended January 1st.
With cries of "Jo Saturnalia!" the celebration would include
masquerades in the streets, big festive meals, visiting friends, and
the exchange of good-luck gifts called Strenae (lucky fruits).
The
Romans decked their halls with garlands of laurel and green trees
lit with candles. Again the masters and slaves would exchange
places.
"Jo
Saturnalia!" was a fun and festive time for the Romans, but the
Christians though it an abomination to honor the pagan god. The
early Christians wanted to keep the birthday of their Christ child a
solemn and religious holiday, not one of cheer and merriment as was
the pagan Saturnalia.
But
as Christianity spread they were alarmed by the continuing
celebration of pagan customs and Saturnalia among their converts. At
first the Church forbid this kind of celebration. But it was to no
avail. Eventually it was decided that the celebration would be tamed
and made into a celebration fit for the Christian Son of God.
Some
legends claim that the Christian "Christmas" celebration was
invented to compete against the pagan celebrations of December. The
25th was not only sacred to the Romans but also the Persians whose
religion Mithraism was one of Christianity's main rivals at that
time. The Church eventually was successful in taking the merriment,
lights, and gifts from the Saturanilia festival and bringing them to
the celebration of Christmas.
The
exact day of the Christ child's birth has never been pinpointed.
Traditions say that it has been celebrated since the year 98 AD. In
137 AD the Bishop of Rome ordered the birthday of the Christ Child
celebrated as a solemn feast. In 350 AD another Bishop of Rome,
Julius I, choose December 25th as the observance of Christmas
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