Key Signature
Sometimes in a piece of music, there will be a lot of accidentals, so a key signature is used to carry accidentals through the whole song.  Here are all of the possible key signatures . . .
The difference between a major key and a minor key is basically how it sounds.  A song in the key of C Major would sound kind of upbeat, or happy, however a song in the key of A Minor would sound sad or, for lack of a better word, not happy.  Keep in mind that certain major and minor keys are related by their key signatures.  For example, C Major and A Minor both have no sharps and no flats.  G Major and E Minor both have one sharp, F sharp.  Both F Major and D Minor have one flat, B flatSharps and flats have to be written in a certain order - just remember for sharps, Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle, (F, C, G, D, A, E and B sharp) and for flats, Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father (B, E, A, D, G, C, and F flat).  There is however, one more essetial part of a piece of music that must be discussed - time signature.
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