Bryophytes, Relatives of the First Land Plants

For the following, list the year it arose, the group name and the number of phyla it contains:

1. Moss Ancestor                     

2. Confier Ancesor                    

3. Flowering Plant Ancestor       

4. Fern Ancestor

Name the group in which each belongs, the alternate phyla name, and # species contained in each:

5. Hornworts

6. Liverworts

7. Lycophytes

8. Mosses

9. Ferns, horsetails

10. The ________ (dead/alive) water storing cells, which can dry during dry periods can carry ____ (10x/20x/30x) it's weight.

11. List the various functions of mosses (7 possible answers)

12. Of the answers listed about, which one is the main function of the Norway peat moss bog?

13. What are the two structural adapations?  What are the reproductive adaptations?

14. The cuticle serves 2 functions which are

15. Meristems are regions highly concentrated for which function

16. Known as the dominate phase in the life cycle of a moss

17. Because multicellular embryos remained attached to the mother plant

18. The ________ produces many released sperm while the ________  produces one retained egg

19. Bryophytes require ________ to reproduce

20. The embryo becomes a ________  sporophyte

21. Which process produces resistant spores?

22. The most durable organic material known is ________ which is a tough (monomer/polymer)

23. Bryophyes have the smallest and simplest

24. Hypothesis for the origin of sporophytes; a mutation that delayed ________ divisions of the ________  had occured

            I) The multicellular, diploid sporophytes would have more cells available for ________

            II) More cells would increase the number of ________  produced per zygote

            III) ________  ________  could favor increased production of offspring

25. Although (haploid/diploid) a zygote can develop into a new organism without fusing with another cell

26. Mitotic division of a plant spore produces a new multicellular ________

27. The lack of ________ ________ tissues limits height of bryophytes

28. T/F  Rhizoids play a primary role in H2O and mineral absorption

29. T/F  Rhizoids are roots

30. The time period when most continents were flooded by swamps

How did Land Plants Get Tall?  Vascular Tissue of the Pteridophytes

1. What kind of tissues have cells joining in tubes?

2. What is meant by land plants having "true" roots, stems, and leaves?

3. The emergence of vascular tissue allows two things to increase

Answer is either xylem or phloem:

4. Carries water and dissolved minerals up from roots

5. A living tissue

6. Cells are dead

7. Their walls provide a system of microscopic water pipes

8. Distributes sugar, among others

9. After bryophytes, the dominate generation changed to

10. T/F  Sporophytes of vascular plants are branched

11. T/F  Sporophytes of vascular plants are dependent of the parent gametophyte

12. ________  aid in catapulting spores several meters from the parent plant (the answer is not sori; just catapulting devices)

13. A darker colored spore tends to signify

14. ________  occurs in the sporangium, producing haploid spores

15. A gametophytic individual has both

16. The earliest known vascular plant is ________  and it arose ________

17. T/F  Branched sporophytes were tall, up to 100 cm

18. What material helps support larger plants?

19. The phylum known as club mosses

20. Lycophytes include tropical species:

            I) They grown on trees as ________

            II) The trees are their ________

            III) The trees do not act as ________ hosts

21. Today, only about ________ species of horsetails

22. The habitat they tend to grow in are

23. Ferns are most diverse in ________

Vascular Seed Plants--The Gymnosperms

1. The three important reproductive adaptations for life on land

2. Distinct characteristics of gametophytes of seed plants

3. Three reasons natural selection eliminated the gametophyte (haploid) generation

4. What plant structure of Gymnosperms maximizes the survival rate of offspring and is also a sporophyte embryo with a food supply inside a protective coat?

5. (Spores/Seeds) are more complex that (spores/seeds)

6. The male or female gametophyte develops within the ________

7. Megaspores are found in ________ while microspores are found in ________

8. Both sexes on a plant are said to be ________ while in other groups they are separate are said to be ________

9. Ovules the develop on modified leaves are ________ or inside ovaries are ________

10. ________ + megasporangium + megaspore = ovule; define the missing word

11. If the egg is fertilized, the ovule develops into a ________

12. ________% of species in angiosperms are monoecious

13. Microspores from the microsporangium develop into ________ = male gametophyte

14. Sporophylls are found on ________

15. Gymnosperms arose in the ________ and early ________

Each of the answers are either Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, Cycadophyta, Confierophyta: the four phylum of gymnosperms

16. Has three genera

17. Herbal medicine

18. Seed coats on female plants stink

19. Largest gymnosperm phylum

20. Sago "Palm"

21. Yews treat ________  cancer (name the phylum still)

22. Only about ________ species of Coniferphytas survive today

23. Conifers have adapted to cold, dry climates with (long/short) growing seasons

24. Most retain their leaves are said to be ________

25. What two adaptations have helped conifers survive dry conditions?

26. The lignified ________ physically supports the tree

27. Sporophylls are packed densely on ________

28. Meiosis produces ________ haploid cells; one develops into the ________

29. Pollen enters the ________

30. (1/2/3) sperm cell(s) develop in the pollen tube

31. It takes (1/2/3) years from the appearance of young cones on a pine tree to the formation mature seeds

Sexy Flowers: Angiosperms

1. ________ species of Angiosperms (a number)

2. ________ define this taxon

3. Angiosperm radiation marked the end of the ________

4. Oldest fossils are in early ________ , about ________  ,ya

5. All angiosperms are placed in a single phylum of ________

6. Have parallel veins, monophyletic, and there are 65000 species of

7. Have netlike venation, polyphyletic, and there are 200000 species of

8. ________ is the only survivor of a branch at the base of the angiosperm tree

9. Vessel elements function in ________ while fiber cells enhance ________

10. A ________ is a specialized shot with four circles of modified leaves

11. Sepals function is usually

12. Petals help by

13. The parts of the stamen, which provide the male function are the stalk like ________ and the ________  where pollen is produced

14. Which is the most true statements?

        a) stamens are sporophylls

        b) carpals are sporophylls

        c) neither are sporophylls  

        d) both are sporophylls

15. The ________  nature of stigma allows pollen to be received easily

16. The ________  can be raised to rub onto pollinators' body

17. What is the primary difference between the seeds of angiosperms and gymnosperms?

18. The female gametophyte is called the ________

19. The life cycle of angiosperm begins with formation of a mature ________

20. Anters produce ________ which produces ________ aka ________

21. Ovaries produce ________  which produces ________ aka ________

22. ________ pollination is more random than ________  pollination

23. Triploid tissue results in the formation of the ________; the process is called ________  ________ 

24. The endosperms ________ in monocots and ________  in dicots

25. ________ is a mature ovary

26. The fact that animals must eat affects the ________  ________  of both animals and plants.

27. Mutualisms often evolve from ________ relationships

28. ________  ________  resulted in evolution of domesticated species

29. ________ is the fraction that make up our medicines

30. Plant ________ is a (renewable/nonrenewable) resource

How do Plants "Eat?"

1. But in scientific material, plants are  ________

2. Mineral nutrients are absorbed from the soil as ________ inorganic ________

3. Absorption is through both ________ and ________ hairs

4. Differentiate the list below between micronutrients and macronutrients:

carbon    iron    chlorine    nitrogen    phosphorous    potassium    molybdenum    boron    nickel    calcium    manganese    zinc    oxygen    copper    hydrogen      sulfur    magnesium 

5. The elements that cause the most problems in soil are ________

6. Which type of nutrients are less common?

7. (T/F) All fungi require mycorrhizal fungi

8. (T/F) Fungi are more animal-like

9. What evidence shows they are animal-like?

10. Nutrition is by ________

11. Exceptions to autotrophic/ingestive eukaryotes are ________ and  ________

12. ________ absorb nutrients from (living/non-living) material = decomposer

13. Extensive ________ ________ adapts fungi for absorptive nutrition as well as ________ ________

14. Tiny filaments of fungi are made mostly of ________

15. (T/F) You cannot see mycelium without touching a fungus

16. How do fungi reproduce?

17. What occurred between chyridimycota and zygomycota?

18. ________ species of fungi are known, but about ________ probably exist

Each of the answers are either Zygomycota, Chytrids, Basidiomycota, Ascomycota: the four phylum of fungi (taxonomic diversity)

19. 600 species

20. Evolved first

21. Mutualists include mycorrhizae and lichens

22. 25000 species

23. 60000 species

24. Mutualists include ectomycorrhizae

Each of the answers are either Mycorrhizae, Molds, Lichens, Yeast: (ecological diversity)

25. Found in human epithelial surfaces

26. Mutualists include mycorrhizae and lichens

27. Mycelium increases soil volume searched for minerals

28. 25000 species

29. Can function as a nitrogen fixator

30. Destroys 10-50% of world's fruit, grains

31. 30% of the known 100000 are parasites

32. (T/F) Plants are more diverse than fungi.

Origins of Metazoans; The Cambrian Explosion

The following should help you memorize the question: What are Metazoans?

1. A multicellular animal is also ________

2. Heterotrophs obtains ________-containing molecules

3. Their cell walls are made usually of ________

4. A succession of mitotic division = ________

5. Rearrangement of embryo that results in differentiation of tissues = ________

6.  Typically possess ________  and ________  tissue

7. ________ phase usually dominates life cycle

8. Typified by ________  reproduction

9. Metazoans arose (monophyletic/paraphyletic/polyphyletic)

10. Ancestor probably similar to colonial protist ________

The following are dates... fill in the estimated origin of earth: remember, the textbook is conservative to say 1000-1400 mya

11. 1985 ________     1996 ________         1999 ________

12. Define Molecular Clock

13. synonymous substitutions - DNA sequence changes that (do/do not) result in amino acid changes

14. Define Cambrian Explosion

Causes of this explosion

15. Colonization of new ________, which is the role of an organism in its community

16. Increasing of oxygen from ________    

17. Evolution of adaptations and counter-adaptation between competing species or between predator-prey is ________; the two consequences that resulted were ________ (know the evidence [3] for escalation of b.a.r. in fossils)

18. Proliferation of homeobox genes arose in ________ organisms

19. Why has diversity increased? (2 reasons)

20. Diversity depends on the number of taxa ________ at a particular time

Invertebrate Radiation I: Sponges to Flatworms

1. There are at least ________ animal phyla, most of which have predominantly ________ representatives. Phylogenetic relations are currently under revision.  We will use a tree based substantially on ________ systematics

2. The only known Parazoans are ________ which contain ________ species.

3. Which of the following are NOT characteristics of the group in #2.

    a) lack true tissues

    b) typically sessile

    c) some movement via cell contraction

    d) some totipotent

    e) asymmetrical

    f) all of the above

4. Central cavity is called ________ where materials enters

5. ________ is the hole where materials exits

6. ________ anchors sponge to substrate

7. ________  is a skeleton, usually calcareous or made of a hard material

8. ________ line spongocoel, trap good, generate water flow

9. ________  transport materials through sponge and build spicules

10. This group's mode of reproduction

.........................................................................................................................

11. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Radiata?

    a) radial symmetry

    b) tripoblastic

    c) possess simple nerve/muscle cells

    d) includes two phyla

    e) none of the above

12. # of species in Cnidaria

13. ________ are sedentary; ________  are swimmers 

14. Cnidocytes contain stinging cells called ________ 

Answer will either be each of these four classes: Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubanozoa.  More than one can apply.

15. Have separate sexes

16. Lack medusa stage

17. box-shaped

18. stinging cells located on oral arms

19. well developed eyes, venomous

20. supplement diet with symbiotic algae

21. in peril by rising sea levels, must live in shallow waters

22. internal fertilization

23. # of Ctenophora

24. Which of the following is an ACTUAL trait of Ctenophoras?

    a) rows of flagella

    b) retractable tentacles

    c) nematocysts

    d) mostly marine

    e) B and C

.........................................................................................................................

25. Bilateral symmetry includes a ________   and a ________  side

26. (T/F) They are tripoblastic

27. Germ layer where muscles/organs built

28. Explain why Prof. Burley talked about two gradients

29. Protosomes: first gut opening is the ________ and deuterosomes: first gut opening is ________

30. ________  possesses trochophore larvae; ________   shed exoskeleton and secrete a new one

31. A ________  is a fluid filled body cavity completely lined by mesoderm; name the three types

32. # species of Platyhelminthes

33. Mode of reproduction (asexual/sexual/both/neither)

Answer will either be each of these four classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda, Cestoidea.  More than one can apply.

34. Can reach 20 m

35. Parasite of vertebrates and mollusks

36. Have both suckers and hooks

37. Are fish ectoparasites

38. Have ________ cells to maintain osmotic balance

Invertebrate Radiation II: Mollusks to Arthropods

Lophotrochozoans

1. # species in phylum Rotifera

2. Maximum length of one

3. ________ are females that produce female offspring from eggs not fertilized by males

4. # species in phylum Bryozoa, which resemble mosses

5. ________  is a horse-shoe shaped crown of tentacles around mouth

6. Maximum length of one

7. # species in phylum Brachiopoda

8. Bottom dwellers/motile

9. Often confused with ________ 

10. # species in phylum Mollusca

11. Cerate mouth part; teeth

Answer will either be each of these three classes: Gastropod, Bivalvia, Cephalpodia.  More than one can apply.

12. 15000 species    40000 species    650 species

13. Visceral mass twists during development called torsion

14. Closed circulatory system 

15. Large brain

16. Lacks head

17. Intermediate hosts of parasites

18. Fast moving predators

19. Foot is burrowing organ

20. Tends to have an umbo - anterior end having a bump

21. Larvae are parasites of fish

22. # species in phylum Annelida

23. Which of the following is an ACTUAL trait of Annelids?

    a) closed circulatory system

    b) complex digestive system

    c) cerebral ganglia

    d) metameric design

    e) all of the above

24. ________ are short bristles; ________ are paddle like appendages functioning for movement and respiration

Answer will either be each of these three classes: Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, Hirudinae.  More than one can apply.

25. Has parapodia and seta

26. "Earth worms" with reduced heads

27. Flattened with reduced coelom

28. Marine worms with well developed heads

.........................................................................................................................

Ecdysozoans

29. Taxon defined by ________  data

30. Act of shedding exoskeleton that has been outgrown

31. # species in phylum Nematoda

32. Range of measurement

33. What kind of movement would you expect of animals in this phylum?

34. Define ubiquitous

35. What is mean by being cryptobiotic; and what other phyla can do the same function?

36. # species in phylum Artthropoda

37. (Detached/jointed appendages)

38. Material that comprises the exoskeleton

39. (T/F) Animals found in this phyla are hemocoelates

Answer will either be each of these four subphyla: Trilobita, Chelicerata, Uniramia (Insecta), Crustacea.  More than one can apply.

40. extinct    750,000    40000    850000     (chelicerta's species count was not given)

41. Includes the arachidna

42. Possess chelipeds - modified walking legs used for grasping prey

43. Fused cephalathorax

44. Two pairs pf antennae

45. Malpighian tubules - excretory organs that removes wastes from hemolymphs

46. Jointed, specialized appendages

47. has ________ body regions, ________ pair of antennae, ________ pair compound eyes, ________ pairs walking legs, ________ pairs of wings

Heads up: Copepods are small, numerous, freshwater marine animals that consume protist and bacteria while they are food for fish.  They harbor parasites and are immediate hosts for them.

48. For much of evolution, only food was dissolved organics and very small organisms; many were ________ animals and as a result, it tend to lack ________ system but competition was still intense.