Bryophytes, Relatives of the First Land Plants

1. 500-550 mya              Bryophytes        3

2. 360 mya                    Gymnosperm     4

3. 130 mya                    Angiosperm       1

4. 400 mya                    Pteridophytes    2

5. Bryophytes                Anthocerophyta             100

6. Liverworts                  Hepatophyta                  6500

7. Lycophytes                Lycophyta                     1000

8. Mosses                     Bryophyta                     12000

9. Ferns, horsetails        Pterophyta                    12000

10. dead; 20x

11.        tiny organisms can live there

            able to absorb damaging UV rays

            used as soil conditioner

            preserves dead bodies

            used as antiseptic

            reduces bacterial growth

            important regulators of C balance in the biosphere

12. important regulators of C balance in the biosphere

13. cuticle, apical meristem        multicellular embyros, alternation of generations

14. protects against microrbial attacks and reduces H2O loss

15. cell division, explain rapid growths in these areas

16. gametophyte

17. protection & food such as sugars, amino acids, etc.

18. antheridium; archegonium

19. water

20. diploid

21. meiosis

22. sporopollenin, polymer

23. sporophytes

24. meiosis, zygote

            I) meiosis

            II) spores

            III) natural selection

25. haploid

26. gametophyte

27. lignified

28. false

29. false

30. Carboniferous

How did Land Plants Get Tall?  Vascular Tissue of the Pteridophytes

1. vascular

2. they have organs that have vascular tissues

3. rate of photosynthesis, growth of plants

4. xylem

5. phloem

6. xylem

7. xylem

8. phloem

9. diploid sporophytes

10. True

11. False

12. sori

13. that it is mature and ready to be launched

14. meiosis

15. archegoinia, antheridia

16. cooksonia, 400 my

17. False (50 cm)

18. lignin

19. lycophyta

20. --

            I) epiphytes

            II) substrates

            III) symbionts

21. 15

22. swamps

23. tropics

Vascular Seed Plants--The Gymnosperms

1. continued reduction of the gametophyte, seeds, pollen

2.         show extreme miniaturization

            are retained with sporophyte

            obtain nutrients from their parents

3.         all sporophyte embryos benefit from the maternal gametophyte

            haploidy of the gametophyte may "screen" mutations

gametophytes with deleterious mutations will not produce gametes that could combine to start new sporophytes

4. seeds

5. seeds, spores

6. sporangia

7. female, male

8. monoecious, dioecious

9. gymnosperms, angiosperms

10. integuments � layers of sporophytic tissue that projects the megaspores, female gametophyte, and their eggs

11. seed

12. 80%

13. pollen grains

14. gymnosperms

15. Carboniferous, Permian

16. gnetophyta

17. ginkgophyta

18. ginkgophyta

19. coniferophyta

20. cycadophyta

21. ovarian, coniferophyta

22. 550

23. short

24. evergreen

25. cuticle, needles (leaves)

26. xylem

27. cones

28. 4, megaspore

29. micropyle

30. 2

31. 3

Sexy Flowers: Angiosperms

1. 250,000

2. flowers

3. Mesozoic

4. Cretaceous, 130

5. anthophyta

6. monocots

7. dicots

8. Amborella

9. giving efficient water support; support

10. flowers

11. protection

12. attract pollinators

13. filament, anther

14. D

15. sticky

16. style

17. angiosperms have enclosed seeds

18. embryo sac

19. flower

20. microspores, male gametophytes, pollen grains

21. megaspores, gametophytes, embryo sacs

22. wind, animal

23. endosperm, double fertilization

24. the developing embryo, leaves of the embryo (cotyledon)

25. fruit

26. natural selection

27. parasitic

28. artificial selection

29. �

30. diversity, nonrenewable

How do Plants �Eat?�

1. photoautotrophs

2. dissolved, ions

3. mycorrhizae, root

4.         Macronutrients: C, H, O, P, S, N, K, Ca, Mg

            Micronutrients: Fe, Cl, Cu, Zn, Mn, Molybdenum, B, Ni

5. N, P, K

6. micronutrients

7. False, only 80%

8. False, plant-like

9.         No photosynthesis

            Absorptive structures differ from roots

            Cell walls made of chitin

            Proteins and rRNA different

10. absorption

11. slime molds, water molds

12. saprobes, non-living

13. surface area, rapid growth

14. hyphae

15. True

16. sexually/asexual

17. loss of flagella

18. 100000, 1.5 billion

19. zygomycota

20. chyiridiomycota

21. ascomycota

22. basidiomycota

23. ascomycota

24. basidiomycota

25. yeast

26. lichens

27. mycorrhizae

28. lichens

29. lichens

30. molds

31. molds

32. False, probably more fungi

Origins of Metazoans; The Cambrian Explosion

1. metazoan

2. carbon

3. collagen

4. cleavage

5. gastrulation

6. nerve, muscle

7. diploid

8. sexual

9. monophyletic

10. choanoflagellate

11. 600 mya      700 mya            1 to 1.4 bya

12. hypothesis that base substitutions accumulate as a linear function of time

13. do not

14. �sudden� appearance of metazoans in fossil record about 550 mya

15. niche

16. cyanobacteria

17. evolutionary arms race; increased body size               increased skeletalization

18. bilateral

19. creation of new niches/colonization                acceleration of evo. arms race

20. extant

Invertebrate Radiation I: Sponges to Flatworms

1. 35, marine, molecular

2. Porifera, 9000

3. e) asymmetrical; they have no symmetry at all

4. spongocoel

5. osculum

6. holdfast

7. spicules

8. Choanocytes

9. Amoebocytes

10. asexual budding (also hermaphroditic)

11. b) tripoblastic; they are dipoblastic

12. 10,000

13. polyp, medusa

14. nematocysts

15. scyphozoa, cubanozoa

16. anthozoa

17. cubanozoa

18. scyphozoa

19. cubanozoa

20. anthozoa

21. anthozoa

22. cubanozoa

23. 100

24. b) retractable tentacles

25. dorsal/ventral

26. True

27. mesoderm

28. to explain how the bilaterians arose

29. mouth, anus

30. Lophotrochozoa; Ecdysozoa

31. coelom; coelomate, pseudocoelomate; acoelomate

32. 20000

33. both

34. cestoidea

35. trematoda

36. cestoidean

37. monogenea

38. flame; turbellaria

Invertebrate Radiation II: Mollusks to Arthropods

1. 1800

2. 0.2 mm

3. parthenogen

4. 5000

5. lophophore

6. 0.5 mm

7. 300

8. bottom dwellers

9. bivalvia mollusks (these are symmetrical)

10. 150,000

11. radula

12. bivalvia, gastropoda, cephalopoda

13. gastropoda

14. cephalopoda

15. cephalopoda

16. bivalvia

17. gastropoda

18. cephalopoda

19. bivalvia

20. bivalvia

21. bivalvia

22. 15000

23. e) all of the above

24. seta; parapodia

25. polychaeta

26. oligochaeta

27. hirudinae

28. polychaeta

29. molecular

30. ecdysis

31. 80000

32. 1-5 mm

33. jerky

34. found everywhere

35. form a resistant phase under unfavorable conditions, rotifer

36. 1 million

37. jointed

38. chitin

39. True

40. trilobita, insecta, crustacean, uniramia

41. chelicerata

42. crustacea

43. chelicerata

44. crustacea

45. insecta

46. trilobita

47. 3, 1, 1, 3, 0-2

48. sessile, nervous