Vertebrate Radiations II: Amniotes

What are amniotes?

1. Function of the egg allows vertebrates to _____                     

2. The four characteristics membranes include: _____, _____, _____, _____

3. Of the types of membranes above, which one aids in nourishment?

4. Of the types of membranes above, which one aids in gas exchange?

Timeline of Evolution of Amniotes

5. Ancestral amniote evolved _____ mya

6. Synapsids and diapsids diverged _____ mya

Major Radiation of Amniotes

7. Skull patterns defined by _____ _____

The following answers will either be anapsid, diapsid, or synapsid

8. Lacks holes

9. Typically has one hole

10. Exhibited in most amniotes

11. Has two holes

Classification of Amniotes is Unresolved

12. Morphological evidence indicates turtles are _____

13.  _____ evidence suggests turtles have evolved from diapsids

14. _____ is not a monophyletic group

The Mesozoic: "Age of Reptiles"

15. First radiation occurred in _____; ended with _____ extinction

16. Second radiation began in early _____

Dinosaur "Facts" and Controversies

17. Why are there quotations for the word facts up above?

The following answers will either be ectotherm, endotherm, homeotherm or inertial homeotherm

18. Maintains temperature by virtue of large size

19. Uses energy from the environment and behavioral mechanisms to regulate body temperature

20. Able to maintain temperature within narrow range

21. Uses metabolic energy to maintain temperature

22. Which of the following is NOT a Dinosaur fact or controversy?

a) group living    b) agility    c) parental care    d) extensive Cenozoic radiation    e) none of the above

Are Birds Dinosaurs?

23. Based on this hypothesis, birds evolved from advanced _____ called "coelosaurs"

24. Coelophysis are small/medium/large dinosaurs

25. _____ theropods include the T-rex

26. A _____ is a shared derived trait in a cladogram

27. Which of the following is NOT exhibiting the answer in #26 (shared derived trait in a cladogram) between birds and coelosaurs?

a) shorter, more rigid tail    b) heavier skeletons    c) progressive elongation of forelimbs    d) retroverted pubi    e) reduction in bones of wrist

28. Which of the following is NOT a reason there is skepticism over the Theropod Hypothesis

a) lack of evidence of feathered theropods    b) poor avian fossil record    c) large Mesozoic archosaurian radiation    d) theropod ectothermy   
e) None of the above

"Diapsid" Survivors of K/T extinction

29. Testudines are _____

30. Sphenodontia are _____

_____31. They have this many row(s) on the lower, and this many row(s) on the upper

32. Squmata are _____ (important Cenozoic radiation)

33. _____ are the closest relatives to the birds

34. Aves are _____

Synapsid Evolution

35. Mammals evolved from therapsid _____ about _____ mya

36. Which of the following is a trait of Mesozoic mammals?

a) large    b) evolved enhanced hearing    c) evolved enhanced sight    d) non-nocturnal    e) none of the above